公共英语等级考试PETS二级语法资料汇总

公共英语等级考试PETS二级语法资料汇总

（一）词类 英语词汇按其在句中的作用大致可分为十类，分属“实义词”和“虚词”两个范畴。 1．实义词：有一定意义，可独立充当句子成分。其中包括六类词，见下表： 范词 英文名 缩写 在句中的作用 例 词 畴 类 名 主语、表语、宾语、同位Nouns n. face dog 词 语、定语、补语 代 主语、表语、宾语、同位Pronouns pron. any some 词 语、定语 数 Numerals num. 主语、表语、宾语、定语 eleven six 实 词 义 动 谓语(非谓语动词可作其Verbs v. begin call 词 词 他各成分) 形容Adjectives adj. 定语、表语、补语、状语 good bad 词 副 表语、补语、状语、后置Adverbs adv. ago so 词 定语 2．虚词：不在句中独立充当成分，用来说明词与词，句与句的关系或句子语气等，其中包括四类，见下表： 范词 英文句 缩 写 例 词 畴 类 冠 Articles art. a an the 词 介 at across Prepositions prep. 虚 词 along to and but 连 词 Conjunctions conj. because 词 which 感叹Interjections interj. well hello oh 词

(二)名词

1．名词的概念和种类：表示人或事物名称的词叫名词。有以下四种：

类 别 专有名词 可数 不可数 个体名词 集体名词 物质名词 抽象名词 意 义 表示人、地方、机构的专有名称 表示某类人或物中的个体名称 表示一群人或物的集合体 表示无法分为个体的实物 表动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念 例词 Beijing the Great Wall student teacher family government water air beauty youth 普通名词 2．可数名词：个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算称为可数名词；其单数形式前要有a/an/the或数词one或某些限定词来修饰。两个以上的，单词要变成复数。变化规则如下： 序号 1． 一般在词尾加-s 2． 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的词加-s 3． 在[s,z,F,V,tF]后加-es 4． 构成方法 例词 student—students page—pages watch—watches 以辅音字母加o结尾的指人或食物的词加hero—heroes -es 以辅音字母加o结尾的外来词或缩写词只加5． piano—pianos -s 6． 元音字母加o结尾的词加-s 7． 辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es 8． 词尾为f或fe的改f或fe为v，再加-es 9． 有些以f或fe结尾的只加-s 10有些单、复数同形 ． radio—radios factory—factories knife—knives belief—beliefs sheep fish deer Chinese Japanese 3．不可数名词：物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算，没有复数形式，也不直接用数词或a/an,one等来修饰。要表示一定数量的“不可数名词”时，用表数量的名词短语来修饰。如： a piece of bread three pieces of news a drop of water

4．名词的所有格：表示名词的“所有”或“从属”关系的形式，主要有“ ’s ”和“of”两种形式。 情况 一般单数名词情况 表示法 词尾加-’s 例词或例句 my father’s hat the students’ readingroom the children’s palace Engels’/Engels’s works Marx’s childhood Lily’s and Mary’s rooms LiLy and Mary’s room today’s newspaper three hours’ ride China’s population 2,000 dollars’ worth fifty pounds’ weight the windows of the room 名 词 的 所 有 格 以“s”结尾的复数名只加-’ 词 有 不以“s”结尾的复数加-’s 生 名词 命 人名以“s”结尾 加-’ 或-’s 的 以〔F,V,z、tF,dV〕加-’s(读名 结尾的 〔iz〕) 词 各名词后加并列名词各自所有 -’s 最后的名词并列名词共有 后加-’s 时间 无生命的词 距离 地点 金钱价值 量度 其他 词尾加-’(s) 词尾加-’(s) 词尾加-’(s) 词尾加-’(s) 词尾加-’(s) 用of所有格注意词序 三)代词 1．代词分类表：英语中代词有九类，用来指代名词或上、下文中的词，词组或句子。 数 单数 复数 序 人 种 二 三 一 二 三 号 称 一 类 人主格 I you he she it we you they 称 1 代宾格 me you him her it us you them 词 2 物形容

my your his her its our your their

主 词性 代词 名词性 3 4 反身代词 指示代词 指代人 mine myself yours yourself his himself hers herself its itself ours ourselves theirs themyourselvselves es yours this that these those somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one, everybody, everyone 不事物 something, anything, nothing, everything 定5 ones, others, the others, 代指代one, another, each, every, much, either, both,few, a few, many, 词 人或neither, little, a little several 物事 some, any, no, all, other, the other, none, a lot(of), such 6 7 8 9 相互代词 疑问代词 连接代词 关系代词 each other, one another, each other’s,one another’s who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ever), which(ever), what(ever) who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ever), which(ever), what(ever) who, whom, whose, which, that, as 2．人称代词用法表： 序作用 用法说明 号 作主1 用主格 语 2 3 作表语 作宾语 例 句 Does he enjoy listening to music? 指主语用主格 Was it she who saw the white cat? 指宾语用宾格 I believe the writer to be him. 用宾格 These books belong to them. 注意： （1）代词并列时，排列顺序为“二，三，一”人称，如：“you,he and I”；“him and me”。 （2）人称代词常在名词后，但“you”在名词前，如：“you, Tom and I”。 （3）其他种类代词在“人称代词”后，如：“he and some others”。 （4）口语中，宾格作表语，如：“It’s me.”。

3．物主代词： 分 类 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 句法功能 作定语 作主语、表语、宾语 例 句 This is my pen. This bike is hers. 注意：名词性物主代词可用于双重所有格中： She is a friend of mine. 4.反身代词： 序在句中充当的 例 句 号 成分 位于动词后 1 宾语 位于介词后 “宾语+and”后 2 同 位 语 并 列 主 语 表 语 主语同位语 宾语同位语 and之后 or之后 nor之后 She could dress herself when she was six. Take care of yourselves. She invited Mike and myself to the party. He doesn’t seem himself today. He himself had to do it/He had to do it himself. You can ask the president himself. (Both)Mary and myself will go. (Either)Mary or yourself will go. (Neither)Mike nor yourself have anything to do with it. 3 4 注意： （1）反身代词不单独作主语。 （2）oneself也是一个反身代词，用法与上面相同。One should not live for oneself alone. 5.指示代词：“this,that,these,those”,可作名词用也可作形容词用。见下表： 1

在句中的成分 作 作主语 This is Smith. 例 句

2 3 名 词 用 作宾语 作表语 I like this. His idea is this. This way,please. 作形4 容词作定语 用 6．不定代词： 序 分 功 用法 号 类 能 接可数单数 接可数复数 接三类名词 不定代词 例词或例句 说明 指三者或三者以上的“每个的”。 no=not a/any someone,somebody 用肯定句中或表建议等的疑问句中； anyone,anybody用于否定条件句或疑问句中。 something用于肯定句或表建议等的句子里；anything用于否定句或疑问句中。 the others其余的人/物。 作 形 定1 容 语 词 every“每个的”，只作定语 other no every body other boys no people someone,somebody 代单数anyone,anybody （人） everyone,everybody no one,nobody Someone is waiting for Jack. Is everyone here? Is there anybody out? 主语、作 表2 名 语、词 宾something,anythin语 代单数Something is wrong g （物） with my bike. nothing,everything 代复数 （人/others，the others 物）

none She likes to help others. Where are the others? None of us is afraid. 指三者或

不可数 little,a little,much There’s little time left. 既可作名词3 又可作形容词 可数复数 主语、定可数单语、数 表语、宾语 接/代三类名词 few,a few,many,several, both Both my sisters are good. one each(二者或三者以上的“每Each student has a 一”) pencil. another,either,neither He has two sons.One is a doctor. The other(one)is a teacher. all,some,any,such,the other 可数复He has lots of/a lot lots of, a lot of, a 数或不of friends. lot 可数 He has a lot to say. 三者以上当中“没一个”。 little“几乎没有”，表否定。 few“几乎没有”表否定；both只用于两者“两者都”。 either二者之中任一个；neither二者之中没一个。 some用于肯定句或表建议的句中；any用于否定、疑问句或条件句中。 注意： （1）both(二者都)和all(三者或以上都)可以作同位语，位于助动词，系动词或情态动词后，行为动词之前。 The boys are all in the classroom. Both(of)my brothers like sports. （2）every other+可数名词单数：指“每隔一…”。 They go to play basketball every other day. （3）no/any/every/some与one/body构成的复合词指人，不用于of前。 （4）all/both/every及其复合词与否定词连用时，表部分否定。相应的全否定为none/neither/no one/nobody/nothing等。 Not all of us are teachers=All of us are not teachers. None of us are students. （5）“another+数词+名词复数”表示“再来（数词）…”。 Another two coffees,please. （6）the other+单数可数名词或不可数名词或复数可数名词表示“其余的/所有剩下的…”。 The other boys are playing on the playground.

the other后不接任何词时，指“二者中的另一个。” I have two skirts. One is red. The other is blue and white stripes. 7．疑问代词：用来构成特殊疑问句。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。 在句中成分 主语 宾语 定语 补语 表语 Who did it? What are you doing? Whose bike is it? What do you call it in Japanese? Whose is this book? 例句 (四)数词 1. 数词分类： 分类 在句中充当的成分 例词 基数主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位one, eleven, fifty 词 语 序数主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位second, eighth, fortieth 词 语、状语 2．基数词的构成及用法： 类型 构成方法 例词 one, two, three, four, five, six, 1-12 单独的词 seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve 在3-9的词尾加上thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, 13-19 “-teen” seventeen, eighteen, nineteen twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, 20,30,40-90 以“-ty”结尾 seventy, eighty, ninety 100,1000,100百，千，百万，十亿都one/a hundred, one/a thousand, 0,000, 有具体量词 one/a million, one/a billion 1000 000 000, “几十”和“个位”之间用21-99 twenty-three,forty-eight 连字符“-” “百位”后“十位”前加101-999 826: eight hundred and twenty-six “and”

1,000以上 先从右向左每三位数加一逗号，从右向左第一个逗号为thousand,第二个为million,第三个为billion,然后每三位为一单位从左向右读。 1，234，567，892: one billion, two hundred thirty-four million, five hundred sixty-seven thousand eight hund red and ninety-two 3.序数词的构成： 类 型 one, two, three four～nineteen -ty结尾的词 以1～9结尾的多位数 hundred, thousand, million, billion 构成特点 单独记忆 在基数词尾加-th 把y→ie，在基数词尾加-th 变个位数为序数词即可 在基数词尾加-th即可 例词及缩写式 first (1st), second (2nd), third (3rd) fifth (5th), ninth (9th), twelfth (12th) twentieth (20th), fiftieth (50th), fortieth (40th) twenty-first (21st), ninety-ninth (99th) hundredth (100th) thousandth (1,000th) millionth (1,000,000th) billionth (1,000,000,000th) 4.序数词的用法： 序用法特点 号 1 2 前面要加the 举 例 He’s always the first to get to meeting-room. 前面用a/an表“又一，再一” He’d better try a fourth time. 五)介词 1.介词的概念及分类：介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中充当成分，要与宾语一起构成介词短语才可在句中充当成分。介词按形式分为简单介词、复合介词、短语介词、特殊介词和双重介词。 分类 例 词 at, about, above, after, as, but, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, near, off, of, on, opposite, over, past, round, since, through, till, to, under, until, up, besides, between, beyond, with, across, against, along, among, around, before, behind, below, beside inside, outside, onto, into, toward(s), upon, within, without 按 形 式 分 简单介词 复合介词

短语介词 along with, together with, according to, ahead of, as for, as to, because of, due to, except for, owing to, out of, up to, by means of, by the side of, by way of, in front of, in spite of, as far as concluding, regarding, considering, save until after, until before, Saturday, except, on duty 特殊介词 双重介词 about, above, across, after, against, along, among, 空间（地方、(a)round, at, before, behind, with, below, beneath, beside, 位置、方向、besides, between, upon, save, beyond, but, by, concerning, 范围、界限、down, on, out of, outside, over, past, through, throughout, 按 包括、排除） towards, under, up 功 能 after, before, as, between, by, during, for, from, in, on, 时间 分 over, past, till, until, up to, within, through, throughout 原因理由根about, according to, as, because of，due to，owing to，on 源（目的，acount of, from, of, on, with, regarding, concerning, 内容等） considering, through, by, under, for 2．容易混淆的介词： 区别 讲解 例句 I get up at six o’clock. at表示“在几点几分”（单It happened on a spring 位最小）；on表示“在具体morning. 的某一天或某天上午（下There are seven days in a week. at, on, in 午晚上等）”； in the morning / evening / in表示“在几天、周、月、afternoon；at noon / night / dawn 年”。 / sunrise / sunset / lunch / dinner / supper, etc. for后加一个“表时间段的She has lived here for six years. 表 具体单位（常用复数）”；He was in English during the 时 during, during强调“持续”或“某活间 for, in war. 动”期间；in指在一段时间的 In those days he was poor. 内。 介 till/until构成的短语修饰They waited till/until 10:00. 词 till, until “持续性动词”，“非持续性They didn’t leave until/till 动词”要用“否定式”。 10:00. “after+时刻或时段”，“…以后”，终点时间在过去She’ll be back after eight after, 或将来；而“since+时间o’clock. since 点”，“自从…以来”，终点She’s lived here since 2002. 在说话的时刻。 “in+时段”，“…以后”，用He’ll leave after 11:00. in, after 于将来时；“after+时刻或He left after 11:00.

at, on, in 时段”，“…以后”可用于将来时或过去时。 at指一个“点”或“小地方”； in指一个“地区”或“大地方”空间内；on在某一平面或线上面。 She left after a few hours. She’ll be back in half an hour. They arrived at the village at ten. Your pencil is in the desk. Your pencil is on the desk. There’s a book on the desk and a pen beneath the book. There’s a lamp over the desk and a bag under the table. Jack’s bedroom is above mine on the second floor. He’s swimming across the river. They walked through the forest. A plane is flying over the city. Let’s meet at the school gate. The building beside the library is the shopping center. The boy standing by my side is from Shanghai. Who’s sitting next to/beside Mr.Steve? Don’t leave the toys about the meeting-room. They are sitting round/around the table. Throw it to me. He’ll leave for Shanghai. He threw the ball at that boy. They are going up the hill. They are going down river. I’m going down town shopping. Shanghai is in the south of China. Hunan lies on the north of Guangdong. Xichang lies to the south west of on“与物体接触”反义词为“beneath”；over“在…正上on, above, 方”反义为“under”；over above“在…的上方”反义词为“below”。 across“表面跨过”； through“从中间或从头至尾穿过”； over“从上空越过”。 at靠得“最近”； beside“在并排一条线at, 上”； beside, by“在并排一条线上”； by, next next to“在顺序上紧靠旁to, near 边”； near 靠得“最远”，不表明确方向或顺序。 about表示周围是随意的，about, 不规则的；round或round, around(二者无多大差别)around. 的周围则是较完整的一个圈。 to “运动的方向，目的地”； to, for, at for “动身出发的目的地”； at “有意攻击的目标”。 up指“往上，往北，大地方，靠拢”； down指“向下，往南，向up, down 小地方，往开走”但在一市区，去中心区用down,去郊区等用up。 over, across, through 表 空 间 位 置 及 方 向 方 位 的 介 词 in表“在某地区内”； on表“接壤”； to表“在某地区以外”。 on, in, to

Chengdu. There’s a river between the two between指“两者之间”； between,avillages. among指“在三者以上之mong There’s a small house among the 间”。 trees. besides“除…之外还有，”实际不排除； I love music besides sports. except“除…外”表“排The house is never used except 除”，不放在句首； besides in winter. except for表整体肯定补充except The bus is empty except for an 细节，表除去整体中的一except for old woman. 部分； except I don’t know Peter except that except that“除了…外”，后that he’s an Japanese. 接从句； but There’s nothing but a chair in but通常与all, no, every, but for the room. where, who what及有些它But for your help,I wouldn’t 们的合成词连用；but have finished my homework. for“要不是”，后面句子常用虚拟语气。 of常与fond, proud, tiredI’m proud of having you as a 连用表情绪上的原因； friend. 表 of for表奖惩痛苦出名的原He’s famous for his writing. 原 for 因，或内在心里的原因； They are suffering from 因 from/out from/out of“出于某需要，starvation. 的 of 动机，认识”等原因； She fell ill from drinking 介 from from还可指自然，直接的unclean water. 词 at 原因； His mother is angry at his at常指感情上的原因。 laziness. by表“用交通工具”或表“发表 出某动作”； by I go to school by bus. 方 on/in表用某交通工具； on/in I go to school on a bike. 式 with用具体的“工具、材料”with I write with a pen. 的 或伴随“抽象事物”； in Can you say it in English? 介 in用原料或语言； through I learned it through a friend 词 through通过具体过程，途径，手段，中介。 (六)形容词、副词 1．形容词修饰名词/代词；副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子，在句中可充当定语、状语、补语、表语。 序功词类 位置用法 例词/例句 号 用 形容He’s a small Japanese boy. 定在中心词前 1 词 语 副词 在中心词后 I’ve got used to the life here.

2 3 4 句首/中，表原因/形容时间 词 句末/中，表伴随/状结果 语 在被修饰词前、后副词 修饰全句，位置灵活 形容表词 系动词后 语 副词 形容作主补在谓语后 词 作宾补在宾语后 补语 作主补在谓语后 副词 作宾补在宾语后 Tired and thirsty, we stopped to have a rest. He lay in bed, awake. You are quite right. Sometimes he goes to school on foot. He is tired. They are out. The little boy was found dead. He find it very useful. She was seen out. Let me show you out. 注意： （1）the/these/those+形容词表示一类人/物；成对的形容词这样用时可省去the。 The rich are not always happy. High and low all like this flower. （2）“enough足够的”作定语时既可放在中心词前也可放在中心词后；但作副词时只能后置。 We have enough food to eat. We have food enough to eat. It’s warm enough. （3）许多以前缀a-构成的形容词常作后置定语，这样的形容词有：awake, alone, alive, afraid, alike, asleep, ashamed等。 It is a book worth reading. Do you know the man asleep over there? （4）形容词修饰由some/any/no/every与one/body/thing构成的复合不定代词时，要后置。 I have something important to tell you. （5）形容词（与其他词组/语构成的）短语作定语时要后置。 English is a language difficult to master. （6）几个副词作状语并列时，位置一般按方式→地点→时间顺序排列。 He came here by air yesterday. （7）几个形容词并列作表语时，并列的词之间用逗号隔开，最后两个词之间用and(but/yet)等连接，并列词的先后顺序较灵活（有时将强调的词放在最后）。 He is tall,dark and handsome. 2. 形容词、副词比较等级的构成及形式： 形 式 规 构 成 原级 比较级 最高级

则 变 化 单音节词和少数以-er, -ow, -le, -y结尾的双音节词 一般 以不发音e结尾 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节 辅音字母加-y结尾的词 tall noble wet big 加-er 加-r taller nobler 加-est 加-st 双写最后辅音字母再加-est 改y为i再加-est wetter 双写最后辅bigger 音字母再加-er 改y为i再加-er easier heavier easy heavy 多音节词，多数双音节词及部分加-ly等变来或由分词变来的词 delicious slowly tired tiresome more delicious more slowly more tired 词前加词前加more more most tiresome tallest noblest wettest biggest easiest heaviest most delicious most slowly most tired most tiresome 不 规 则 变 化 good well bad/ill badly many much little old far late better worse more less elder older farther further later latter best worst most least eldest oldest farthest furthest latest last 注意： （1）形容词最高级前要用the,而副词最高级前的the可省。 （2）下面这些词的比较等级可在后面加-er/-est或在前面加more/most构成。 cruel, often, able, clear, clever, correct, dear, free, friendly, happy, handsome, likely, lively, pleasant, right, simple, quiet, solid, strange, strict, stupid, wrong, etc. 5. 形容词、副词比较等级常用的句型及用法： 类用法及意义 句型结构 例句

别 没有比较 very / so / quite / too, It was etc. +原级 yesterday. very warm 二者比较程度相as+原级+as+比较对象 You are as clever as Mike. 同 原一方是另一方的...times as+原级+as+比This bridge is five times as 级 几倍 较对象 long as that one. ...not as+原级+as+比较二者比，程度不同 You are not as tall as he. 对象 二者比，前者不如...not so+原级+as+比较Math isn’t so hard as 后者 对象 physics. 二者比，一方比另比较级+than... You’re younger than Tom. 一方更… much / a lot /a little, 二者比，A比B…It’s much hotter today than rather, 得多， it was yesterday. a great deal He’s still stronger than A比B甚至还a bit/far/even/still/a Jack. 要…/一点 little, etc.+比较级+than He’s far older than you. 比较级+and+同一比较She’s getting fatter and 表“越来越…” 级 fatter. The more you ask, the the+比较级+…， 表“越…就越…” more you’ll the+比较级+…， understand. A比B（高，长…）This line is four times ...times+比较级+than longer than that one. 比 多少倍 在二者中哪个是Which / Who is the+比Who is the taller of the 较级+of the two? twins? 较 更…的那个 哪个更…，A还是Which/Who+谓+比较Who runs faster, Lily or 级 B？ 级，A or B? Mary? 比较级and+另一比较He’s getting healthier and 表“越来越…” 级+than+… stronger than his brother. Tom made less mistakes than Jack. 表“比…更少”或less+原级或名词+than This story is less “不如…” interesting than that one. She’s less rich than he. She is more hard-working more+原级+than than clever. 表“与其说”，“不Mr.Smith is more an artist more+名词+than 如…”，“不止…” than a teacher. She’s more than a teacher. more+than+原级/名词 She’s more than tired. 表“并不比某no+比较级+than… She’s no taller than you.

某…”或“与某某一样不…” 三者或三者以上比较“某某最…” 在某区域的“最…” 最“在三者或三者以高上当中最…之一” 级 “第几大/长…” “三者以上当中谁/哪个最…” (the)+最高级+of+复数名词 (the)+最高级+in+单数集体名词或地点 one of the+最高级+复数名词+… the+序数词+最高级(+名词)+in+区域 Which/Who+谓语+（the）最高级，A、B、C or D? He runs fastest of the boys. He is the tallest in his class. She’s one of the best students in this class. It is the second longest river in the world. Who jumps highest, Tom,Jack or Smith? (七)冠词 1．冠词的概念及种类： 分类 含义 不定冠词 表示“一”，强调类别 形式 a an this这 that那 定冠词 these这些 those那些 2．不定冠词a/an的用法： 用 法 用于单数可数名词前，指类别 the 例词 a pen an Englishman the bike the water the empty box 说明 用于单数可数名词前，表泛指 用于各类名词前，表特指 举 例 Joan is an English teacher. There’s a letter for you. She has a dog. A horse runs fast. I would like a coffee. He has two meals a day. as a result(of),have a rest 用于单数可数名词前，泛指某人或物 用于指初次提到某人/物 指某类物或人中的“任何一个” 用在不可数名词前表“一次/场/”或“一个/种人或物” 用于时间、度量衡名词前表“每一” 用于某些习惯用语或固定词组中

have a chat,in a hurry have a word with sb. a little,a lot(of),a pair of a cup of,a great deal of 3.定冠词the的常见用法： 用法 用在序数词前 用在形容词最高级前 特指双方都知道的人/物 指前面出现的人/物 指世上独一无二的事物前 用在被修饰限定的人/物前 乐器、文娱等名称前 “年代”数词前 “方位、方向”名词前 用在姓氏复数前表一家人或夫妇 用在某些形容词，表一类人/物 用在阶级、机构、党派的名词前 江河、海湖、海湾、海峡、群岛、山脉等的名词前 在固定搭配中 八、动词 1.动词的概念及种类 动词是表示动作或状态的词，按在句中的功用分为以下四种： 类别 用法及意户 例词 例句与说明 表动作或状She likes watching 及物动态，有完整词like, enjoy, TV. 词（vt.） 义，后接宾语，watch, want Do you enjoy 实 能单独作谓语 listening to music? 义 表动作或状That story 动 不及物态，有完整词happened last 词 rise, come, arrive, 动词义，后接宾语，year. happen (vi.) 能单独作谓语 When did Tom arrive? She remains a 连本身有表示“是”，“仍be, stay, remain teacher. 系词义，是” 动但须与表“变得” become, get, grow, fall, It’s getting warm.

例 句 Tom is always the first to get to school. Is it the most difficult lesson in this term? Did you go to the hospital just now? He has a dog.The dog is named Huzi. The sun rises in the east. Do you know the boy talking with our teacher? She plays the piano. 注：play football (football前不加the) In the 1960’s China is in disorder. Please turn to the left. The Smiths are having dinner. The English are friendly. America is a member of the United Nations. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. by the way,in the end

词 表语一go,turn 起构成表“听/看/闻/That sounds a sound / look / smell / 谓语 摸/尝 起来” good idea. feel / taste It tastes delicious. 表“似乎”,“好seem,appear He seems all right. 象” Does he speak English? 谓语动词是单Do, Does, Did(位于句首Yes, he does. 独的行为动构成一般问句) No, he doesn’t. 词，在一般现He doesn’t speak 在时/过去时English. 的句中帮助构don’t / doesn’t / Jane didn’t go to 本身无成否定或疑问 didn’t(位于谓语动词助school yesterday. 意义不前来表否定) 动单独作词 与doing连用构She is doing her be (not) doing 谓语 成进行时 homework now. 与done连用The tree was be done 构成被动语态 planed last year. 与done连用构She has gone have / has / had done 成完成时 back. 后接动词原形will/ shall do I shall do it. 构成将来时 Jane could swim can/could(没其他形式) when she was six. 表“能够” be able to(有各种时态I’ll be able to 本身有与形式) speak French next 意义，year. 但不能You may smoke 单独作may(较正式) here. 谓语，表“许可” can(口语) “can’t”不可以；与主要“may not”不可以 情动词原can/could(用于一、二Can you help me? 态形一起人称) May I help 动表示说表“请求许可” may/might(用于第一人you?=Can I help 词 话人的称) you? 语气，“can’t”只用于否情态，can/could 定 没有人表“可能” may/might(不用于问“may not / might 称、数句) not”不可能 的变“mustn’t”意为“不化。 must 可以”，表禁止 表“必须” have to(可有各种时态) “don’t/doesn’t have to”意为“不

必” shouldn’t/oughtn’t should,ought to有义务 to不应该 表“应该” be supposed to are not supposed to不应该 表“一定” must Tom must be late. 作情态动词时常用于否定句，疑问表“需要” need 句或条件从句 作行为动词时，常用于肯定句 —“Shall I open the door”? 表“敢” dare —“Sure,please.” 表“请求指示” shall I / we / he…？ Where shall we meet? —“Will you 表“向对方提Will / Would you please open 出请求” please? the door?” —“Sure.” —“Would you like 询问对方的意to try one Would you like to…? 思 more.” —“No,thank you.” 表说话人的意You shall be back 愿 at ten。 “命令、允诺、shall He shall obey the 强制”等，用于rules. 二、三人称 表“意愿”，用于I will answer the will/would 各人称 phone. 过去曾有的动作/状态；过去的习used to 惯，此时相当于would；表次数时表“过去常常不用。 习惯于” 表过去动作的重复，有明确的时间would 状语；表过去的次数时不用。 表“祝愿” may May you succeed. 2．动词的基本形式及变化规则如下表：

情况/形式 一般情况 以e结尾 以辅音字母加-y结尾 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词 以s,x,sh,ch[tF]结尾的词 以ie结尾的词 原形 talk 现在分词 加-ing talking 过去式 加-ed talked 过去分词 加-ed talked 去e加-ing remove removing carry 加-ing carrying 双写结尾辅音字母加-ing stopping 加-ing watching 改ie为y再加-ing tying 加-d 加-d removed removed 改y为i加改y为i再-ed 加-ed carried carried 双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed stopped 加-ed watched 加-d tied 双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed stopped 加-ed watched 加-d tied stop watch tie 3．动词的时态 时 基本用法 态 习惯性或常发生的动作或存在的状态 表能力，性格，特征等 一普遍真理的表述 般现剧本、图、文的在解说 时按时刻表，计划态 决定好了的事 在“时间，条件，方式，让步状语从句”中表“将来”动作 一具体的过去时间般里发生的动作或过存在的状态 去过去常发生的动时作或存在的状态 态，特征

常与之连用的时间状语 例句 He reads French every morning. Joan is a nice person. The moon turns round the earth. The scene changes back to the park. The train leaves at 8:00. I’ll call you as soon as I get the park. You won’t be able to pass the exam unless you work hard. Mary was here moment ago. He often went Shanghai last year. a in the morning / evening / afternoon, every day / month/year / morning. sometimes, often, always, usually, frequently, eldom, ever, never, once,in a while, from time to time, today, these days, this week / month / year, now, etc ...ago,just now,in 1976/1989, yesterday last Sunday / month / week / year, the day before yesterday, the to

在“虚拟语气”中表“现在/将来”的情况 在“委婉”用语中表“现在/将来”,常与“could/would”连用在“时间，条件，让步”等状语从句中表“过去将来” shall(’ll)用于第一人称will(’ll)用于各人称，表示“将会”“意愿” “am/is/are going 一to+v.原”表“即将般发生，打算做” 将“is/am/are doing”来表“计划，安排” 时“is/am/are about 态 to+v.原”“表即将就要发生/做” “is/am/are to+v.原” “表计划决定，要求，命令，传达命令指示等” “should+v.原/would+v.原”表过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态”。常用于从句或引语中 过“were/was going 去to+v.原”表“过去将即将发生或打算来要做” 时“was/were+v.-ing态 ”表“过去的计划，安排” “was/were about to+v.” 原表“过去即将，就要” “was/were to+v.原”表“过去的计

other day,once, in those days / years,once upon a time, earlier, this month / week / year, then, sometimes, often, always, etc. He talks as if he were my teacher. I hoped you could help me. They planned to go out if it was fine the next day. I shall do it tomorrow morning. She’ll have to go there tomorrow, in 2010, next by herself. morning / year / week / month / time, in turn, It looks as if it’s going to soon, before long, in the rain. year, to come, from now He’s leaving for on,one day, some day, Guangdong tomorrow. from now on, sometime in the future, in a few hours / She is about to go to days, the day after school. tomorrow, this evening, this afternoon, etc. You are to stay in the hotel. Your boyfriend told you. She said she would vote for me. She said she wouldn’t vote for me. She said it was going to 常用于状语从句、名词性rain soon. 从句或间接引语中。 I wondered when the plane was arriving. I was about to go out when the phone rang. He told us they were to hold a meeting the next

划决定，要求命令等” 说话时正进行的动作 现阶段正进行的动作 表“计划安排好的现将来动作” 在表“反复经常”的进动作，常与always行等连用，有责备，时高兴等较浓的感态 情色彩。 在here/there引起的句子中可用“一般现在时”表进行。 过过去某一时刻正去进行的动作 进行过去某一阶段正时进行的动作 态 在过去看来即将发生的动作 过去开始的动作/状态一直延续到现在 现在在现在为止一个完动作状态已多次成发生 时到现在为止时的态 一动作状态经历 过去完成的动作对现在还有影响 day. He is playing basketball now. I’m writing a book these days. now, at present, these She’s flying to Paris days, tomorrow. this morning / week / They are always talking month, during this season, in meeting. Look! Listen! etc. He is constantly leaving always, constantly, things about. frequently, all the time Here comes the bus. this time yesterday, at that time, then, all morning, at that moment, the whole night, during…, when I came in, etc What were you doing at that moment? Last year we were building the library. He wondered whether she was leaving. I have lived here for six years. I’ve seen the film four times. I’ve never been to America. He has just come back. since+时间点/…ago/从句；for+时段；in the past/last five years once, twice, three times, many times before, ever, never so far,by now, lately, recently, just, already, yet 4．动词的语态: 动词的语态有主动语态（主语是动作的发出者）和被动语态（主语是动作的承受者）。被动语态由be/get(助动词)+过去分词构成，be/get体现时态变化。主动变被动时，时态保持不变；动作的执行者由“by短语”表示；get+过去分词侧重动作的效果，通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用，其一般现在时/一般过去时变否定式，疑问时要借助助动词。

They make bikes. Bikes are made by them. When did she get married? How did the window get broken? 注意： （1）不及物动词一般没有被动语态。 The sun sets in the west. 易错的常见的不用被动语态的不及物动词有：rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc. （2）主动句带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的句子，可将“间接宾语”或“直接宾语”变成被动语态的主语，还有一个宾语叫保留宾语。一般将“间接宾语”变为被动句的主语。当变直接宾语为被动句的主语时，要在保留宾语（间接宾语）前加一个介词to（给，表方向）或for（替）。 My mother gave me a book. I was given a book(by my mother). A book was given to me(by my mother). （3）主动句带有复合宾语时，变为被动句时宾语补足语保留在谓语动词之后，改称为“主语补足语”即主补。当宾补是不带to的不定式时，被动句中原省略的to要加上。 The boss made us work ten hours a day. We were made to work ten hours a day(by the boss). （4）含有“动-介/动-副/动-副-介”等短语动词的句子，变成被动语态时，要把这些短语看成一个整体（相当于一个动词），不能漏掉任何词。 The nurses look after the patients well. The patients are looked after well(by the nurses). （5）含有“动-名-介”型短语动词的主动句变为被动句时，也可将其中的名词变为被动句的主语。 He paid much attention to his pronunciation. Much attention was paid to his pronunciation(by him). His pronunciation was paid much attention to(by him). （6）被动语态与系表结构的区别： 被动语态，表“动作”，用相应的时态，时态变化比较丰富。 系表结构，表“性质”，常用一般时态。 The glass was broken by Tom yesterday. The glass was broken. That book was written by a teacher. That book is well written. （九）构词法 1．概念及种类： 英语单词的构成有一定的规律，这些规律叫构词法。主要有四种：合成、转化、派生和缩略。常见的是前三种。见下图。 种类 构成方法 例词 合成 由两个或两个以上的Classroom，newspaper，blackboard

词合成为一个词 由一词类转化为另一转化 词类 在词根上加前缀或后派生 缀 Schoolmate，newly-born，hard-working taste，answer，back，hand，empty care，careful，carefully careless carelessness carelessly 2．高中阶段主要构词方法归纳：派生法和合成法 （1）派生法 ①常用前缀 un- unfair unable unlikely 表“否in- impossible incapable 定” dis- discover disagree dislike dishonest 表“重re- rewrite retell repeat reconsider 复” ②常用后缀 加法 后缀意义 例词 类型 “动作的执行者” -er/or teacher visitor inventor 变成了名词 -tion organization congratulation invention “…地方的名 -ese Chinese Japanese 人” 词 -ist pianist scientist violinist “人” 后 -ing living greeting wedding 名词化 缀 -ment movement treatment 名词化 -ness happiness illness sickness carelessness 变为名词 -ian Australian 变为“…的人” 动 -ify beautify 词 -ice realise organise 使…变… 后 -ise sacrifice 缀 -en lengthen strengthen 可…的，能…suitable comfortable movable -able 的 beautiful careful useful 形 -ful 充满…的 sunny,windy,cloudy,snowy,sleepy,salty 容 -y 带有…的 active,instructive -ive 词 有…特征的 musical medical physical -al 后 属于…的 American European Australian 缀 -an …的 -ly 副词后缀 carefully really certainly 数 -teen 表“十三至十fourteen fifteen nineteen

词 后 缀 -ty -th 九” 表“二十、三十…七十” 表“第几” forty sixty eighty fourth sixtieth ninth （2）合成法： police+man=policeman play+ground=playground birth+day=birthday after+noon=afternoon hand+bag=handbag every+where=everywhere bed+room=bedroom hand+writing=handwriting grand+parent=grandparent what+ever=whatever no+where=nowhere any+where=anywhere how+ever=however

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