2009年全国职称英语等级考试卫生类 C级 阅读文章译文 - 副本

A Bad Idea 一个坏主意

Think you can walk，drive，take phone calls，e-mail and listen to music at the same time？ Well，New York's new law says you can't.（46）The law went into force last month，following research and a shocking number of accidents that involved people using electronic gadgets （小巧机械）when crossing the street.

想一下你可以同时散步、开车、打电话、发送邮件和听音乐吗？纽约的新法律规定你不能同时做这么多事。假如你在纽约的街道上违反了规定，必将被罚款100元。这一新的法律从上个月开始实施。下面的研究和一组令人震惊的事故数字就与人们在过马路时使用电子物品有关。

Who's to blame？（47）“We are under the impression that our brain can do more than it often can，” says Rene Marois，a neuroscientist （神经科学家）in Tennessee. “But a core limitation is the inability to concentrate on two things at once.”

究竟谁应该负责呢？科学家们说，人多任务处理的能力是有限度的。“我们总有一种印象，我们的大脑可以处理比它本能力上更多的事物，但是核心限制是一次不能集中精力与两件事。”田纳西州的神经科学家 Rene Marois说。

The young people are often considered the great multi-taskers.（48），A group of 18- to 21-year-olds and a group of 35- to 39-year-olds were given 90 seconds to translate images into numbers，using a simple code.（49）But when both groups were interrupted by a phone call or an instant message，the older group matched the younger group in speed and accuracy.

年轻人总是被看做是多任务处理的高手。但牛津大学的研究表明这种看法是需要质疑的。给一组年龄在18-21岁合另一组年龄在35-39岁之间的人员90秒的时间用一套简单的密码吧依稀有图像转化成数字。年轻的一组在不被扰乱的情况下做的要好10%。但是但两组都被电话和短信骚扰时，年龄大的一组在速度和正确率方面都可以和年轻的一组抗衡。

It is difficult to measure the productivity lost by multitaskers. But it is probably a lot. Jonathan Spira，chief analyst at Basex，a business-research firm，estimates the cost of interruptions to the American economy at nearly $650 billion a year.（50）The surveys conclude that 28 percent of the workers' time was spent on interruptions and recovery time before they returned to their main tasks.

很难计算由多任务处理者失去的生产力。但是可能会很多。Basex一个商业研究公司的分析员Jonathan Spira估计干扰的事每年对美国的经济造成价值接近6500亿的损失。这个估算的数是以办公室人员为研究对象得来的。这次调查总结说员工时间的28%花费在干扰的事物和从干扰中恢复到工作中来的上面。

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Exercise Cuts Cancer Deaths in Men

锻炼减少男性癌症的死亡率

Men who exercise often are less likely to die from cancer than those who（51），new research published in the British Journal of Cancer revealed yesterday.经常锻炼的男性要比那些不经常运动的男性死于癌症的的可能性小，这项新的研究发布在昨天发行的英国人的癌症杂志上。

A team of scientists from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden looked（52）the effect of physical activity and cancer risk in 40，708 men aged（53） 45 and 79. 瑞典卡罗林斯卡学院的一些科学家们在年龄在45-79岁的40708位男性间作了研究，主要研究他们身体运动与癌症间的关系。

The seven-year study found that men（54）walked or cycled for at least 30 minutes a day had a 34 per cent lower（55）of dying from cancer than the men who did less exercise or nothing at all.（56）the period studied，3，714 men developed cancer and 1，153 died from the disease. The researchers suggest that half an hour's walking（57） cycling a day increased survival among these men by 33 per cent.为期7年的研究发现，每天至少散步或骑自行车运动30分钟的男性要比那些运动量少或者根本不运动的男性死于癌症的几率要地34%。在研究期间，有3714名男性患上癌症，有1153人死于癌症。研究人员表明，他们中每天步行或骑自行车半小时的人存活的可能性增加了33%。

The researchers surveyed men from two counties in central Sweden about their lifestyle and the amount of（58）activity they were usually doing. They then scored these responses and compared the results with data on cancer diagnosis and death officially recorded in a central cancer registry （登记簿）over a seven-year （59）. Lead author，Professor Alicja Wolk，said：“These results clearly show for the first time the effect that very simple and basic daily（60）such as walking or cycling has in reducing cancer death risk in middle-aged and elderly （61）。”这些研究人员调查了来自瑞典两个县男性的生活方式以及他们的活动量。然后对他们进行打分，并对比了7年官方对患癌和死于癌症的数据结果。主导作者Alicja Wolk教授说：“这些结果首次这么清晰显示,很简单而又基本的日常运动，如散步和骑自行车，对降低中年和老年男性癌症死亡率的影响。”

Dr Lesley Walker，director of cancer information at Cancer Research UK，said：“This study gives us a clear indication that men who exercise are less（62） to die from cancer，and that they are more likely to（63）the disease if they get it. It's not entirely clear from this study what role exercise plays in preventing（64）in men，but we do know that a healthy lifestyle can prevent up to half of all cancers - and （65）exercise forms a key part of this.”

Lesley Walker博士，即英国癌症研究中心癌症信息资料处主任，说，“这项研究给我们一个很清晰的提示，就是运动型的男性死于癌症的可能性要小，而且一旦他们患癌，那他们存活的可能性也较大。从这次研究中还不太清楚运动在预防男性患癌中究竟起到什么的作用，但我们知道健康的生活方式可以预防高达一半的癌症发生，同时经常性运动是健康生活的重要组成部分。”

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1 Importance of Children's Oral Health

儿童口腔健康卫生的重要性

February is National Children's Dental （牙齿的）Health Month，but in children good oral care is critical

every day. The first comprehensive study on the nation's oral health，released recently by the Office of the U.S. Surgeon General，calls dental and oral diseases a “silent epidemic （流行病），” even in children. The report states that more than 51 million school hours are lost each year to dental-related illness.In fact，a recent study pointed to dental care as the most common unmet health need among American children. 二月份是国家法定儿童牙齿健康月，但是日常良好的儿童口腔护理师至关重要的。最近美国公共卫生局办公室做的第一次有关口腔卫生健康的综合调查，称牙科以及口腔疾病为一种“流行病”，甚至在儿童身上。报道说每年因为相关的牙科疾病要葬送大约1500万个学习日。实际上，近期的一个调查称牙科健康护理是美国儿童最普遍而未能满足的健康需求。

To help counter this，the American Academy of Periodontology （牙周病学）（AAP）is launching an effort to educate children and parents about the prevention of dental diseases in children.

为了防范，美国牙科疾病科学会正在努力教育孩子和家长有关如何防御儿童时期的牙科疾病。

“This is important because oral problems can impact self-esteem for children and lead to problems of eating，speaking and attending to learning，” said Michael McGuire，president of the AAP.

美国牙科疾病科学会会长Michael McGuire说：“这之所以重要是因为口腔的文艺可能会影响到孩子的自尊，甚至导致饮食、言语以及上学等问题”

Common dental problems seen in children are cavities （龋洞）and gingivitis （龈牙），which are found in the majority of U.S. children. “When these problems are not caught early and treated，they can develop into more severe problems and cause unnecessary suffering，” said McGuire “However，much of the time，oral problems are avoidable problems.”

普遍的可见性的儿童牙科疾病是龋洞和龈牙，绝大多数美国儿童都患有此类疾病。McGuire 说：“当这些问题没有被及早发现和治疗的话，它们就可能发展成更严重的问题并造成没必要的痛苦，但是，大多数时候，口腔疾病是可以避免的。”

In the Rio Grande Valley in Texas，a group of more than 120 dentists volunteers to deliver dental care to thousands of low-income children each year with its Mobile Dental Unit that travels from school to school.

在德州的里奥格兰德山谷，一群大约120人的牙医志愿者每年都自愿带着可移动性牙科治疗仪挨个学校的给上成千的低收入家庭儿童进行牙科护理。

“According to the Surgeon General's Report，about 37 percent of children have not had a dental visit before starting school，” said McGuire. “When children don't see dentists they miss the opportunity to have problems caught early before they develop into larger，more expensive problems to treat，and parents miss the opportunity to learn how to promote good oral habits in their children.”

“据卫生局报道，大约37%的儿童在入学前没有看过牙医”McGuire 说。“因为他们不看牙医，在他们发展成治疗起来更复杂，更昂贵的牙科病之前就错失了发现问题的时机，同时家长也错失了学会如何督促孩子从小养成良好口腔卫生习惯的时机。”

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Understanding Autism

理解孤独症

1 Autism （孤独症）is a life-long developmental disability that prevents individuals from properly understanding what they see，hear，and otherwise sense. This results in severe problems of social relationships，communication，and behavior. Individuals with autism have to painstakingly '（费力地）learn normal patterns of speech and communication，and appropriate ways to relate to people，objects，and events，in a similar manner to those who have had a stroke.

孤独症是一种终生的发展性残疾，它会妨碍一个人正常的理解自己视觉、听觉以及其他的感觉；会导致严重的社会关系、交流以及行为方面的问题。孤独症患者不得不很吃力的学习正常的言语和交流方式，以及接人待物的适当方法， 与中风患者很类似。

2 The cause of autism is still unknown. Some research suggests a physical problem affecting those parts of the brain that process language and information coming in from the senses. There may be some imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain. Genetic （遗传的）factors may sometimes be involved. Autism may indeed result from a combination of several “causes”。

孤独症的病因还不为人知。有研究暗示是身体上的问题，这些问题会影响处理来自于感官的语言和信息的大脑区域。 也可能是大脑中的某些化学物质失衡。有时候与遗传因素也有关系。孤独症甚至可能是多种原因综合引起的。

3 Most people with mental retardation （智力迟钝的）show relatively even skill development. Individuals with autism，however，typically show uneven skill development，with deficits （~欠缺）in certain areas - most frequently in their ability to communicate and relate to others - and distinct skills in other areas. It is important to distinguish autism from mental retardation or other disorders，since diagnostic （诊断的）confusion may lead to inappropriate and ineffective treatment techniques.

绝大多数智力缺陷的患者一定程度上反映了技能发展的均衡性。但是，孤独症患者典型地反映了技能发展的不均衡性。某些方面的欠缺性——最常见的是与他人交流与交际方面的能力以及其他方面的独特性。区分孤独症与智力缺陷以及其他精神疾病是很重要的。因为诊断模糊混乱可能会造成不恰当的以及无效的治疗方法。

4 In general，individuals with autism perform best at jobs which are structured and involve a degree of repetition. Some people who have autism are working as artists，piano tuners，painters，farm workers，office workers，computer operators，dishwashers，assembly line workers，or employees of sheltered workshops or other sheltered work settings.

通常说来，孤独症患者在组织性的以及重复性的工作上表现会很出色。一些孤独症患者正从事着艺术家、钢琴调音师、油漆匠、农场工人，办公职员、计算厂机操作员、洗碗工、装配线工人、福利厂以及其他福利场所的雇员工作。

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第一篇 Calling for Safe Celebrations

要安全的庆祝

Last Fourth of July，Pete，a 14-year-old boy，was enjoying the lit-up skies and loud booms from the fireworks （烟花）being set off in his neighborhood. Suddenly，the evening took a terrible turn. A bottle rocket shot into his eye，immediately causing him terrible pain。 His family rushed him to the emergency room for treatment. As a result of the injury，Pete developed glaucoma （青光眼）and cataracts （白内障）。 Today，Pete has permanent vision loss in his injured eye because of his bottle rocket injury.

去年7月14日，皮特，一个14岁的大男孩正在欣赏邻居放烟花所燃亮的天空和巨响时 ，突然，这个傍晚成了一个可怕的转变。一瓶烟花射进她的眼睛，立即使他剧痛起来。他的家人立刻把他送到急救室治疗。由于这次受伤，皮特患了青光眼和白内障。现在，由于那次烟火伤皮特的伤眼已经永久的失明了。

June is Fireworks Eye Safety Awareness Month，and through its EyeSmart campaign the American Academy of Ophthalmology （眼科学）wants to remind consumers to leave fireworks to professionals （专业人员）。 “There is nothing worse than a Fourth of July celebration ruined by someone being hit in the eye with a bottle rocket，” said Dr John C. Hagan，clinical correspondent for the Academy and an ophthalmologist at Discover Vision Centers in Kansas City. “A safe celebration means letting trained professionals handle fireworks while you enjoy the show.”

六月是烟花关注安全意识月，通过EyeSmart 活动，美国眼科学会向提醒消费者要杨专业人员燃放烟花。“没有比7月14日的庆典毁于一个人眼睛被一瓶烟花灼伤更糟了，”Dr John C. Hagan，眼科学会的诊所记者以及一个 Kansas探索实施中心的眼科医师说。“安全的庆祝就是当你在欣赏烟花时，要让训练过的专业人员来燃放。”

According to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission，more than 9，000 fireworks-related injuries happen each year. Of these，nearly-half are head-related injuries，with nearly 30 percent of these injuries to the eye. One-fourth of fireworks eye injuries result in permanent vision loss or blindness. Children are the most common victims of firework abuse （伤害），with those fifteen years old or younger accounting for 50 percent of fireworks eye injuries in the United States. Dr Hagan estimates that his practice sees more than 30 injuries each year from fireworks.

根据美国美国消费者产品安全委员会

，每年超过9000例与烟花有关受伤事故发生。其中将近一半是头部受伤，又有30%伤的是眼

部。四分之一的眼花燃放所造成的言不受伤会导致永久的的视力缺失或失明。在美国，儿童是烟花伤害最普遍的受害者，其中15岁及15岁以下的人群站了烟花眼部受伤的50%。Dr Hagan估计每年他要看30多里的眼花伤害。

Even fireworks that many people consider safe represent a threat to the eyes. For children under the age of five，apparently harmless sparklers （花炮）account for one-third of all fireworks injuries. Sparklers can burn at nearly 2，000 degrees Fahrenheit （华氏）。

许多人所认为的安全的烟花却是对眼睛的一种威胁。对于5岁以下的儿童，看上去表面无伤害的花炮占了所有烟花造成的伤害的三分之一。花炮在大约近2000华氏度燃烧。

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第二篇 Shopping at Second-hand Clothing Stores

旧货服装店购物

When 33-year-old Pete Barth was in college，shopping at second-hand clothing stores was just something he did - “like changing the tires on his car.” He looked at his budget and decided he could save a lot of money by shopping for clothes at thrift shops. 当 33岁的Pete Barth上大学的时候，旧货服装店购物时他常干的事——“就像换车轮胎一样”。他看着自己的预算开支，确定自己在旧货店购买衣服能节省下的费用。

“Even new clothes are fairly disposable （可丢掉的）and wear out after a couple of years，” Barth said. “In thrift shops，you can find some great stuff whose quality is better than new clothes.”

Barth说“甚至一些新衣服就丢掉了，穿几年后才会破损的。”“在旧货店，你可能找到比新衣服质量还好的好东西”

Since then，Barth，who works at a Goodwill thrift shop in the US state of Florida，has found that there are all kinds of reasons for shopping for second-hand clothing. Some people，like him，shop to save money. Some shop for a crazy-looking shirt. And some shop as a means of conserving energy and helping the environment.

从那时起，在美国弗罗里达Goodwill 旧货店工作的Barth就发现有各种各样去购买二手衣服的理由。有些人，向他是为了节省钱。有的人是为了一件款式特别的衬衫。还有些人是为了保护资源和环境等。

Pat Akins，an accountant at a Florida Salvation Army （SA）（救世军）thrift shop，said that，for her，shopping at thrift shops is a way to help the environment.

Pat Akins，弗罗里达救世军旧货店的一个会计说，至于她来说，旧货店购物就是一种保护环境的方式。

“When my daughter was little，we looked at it as recycling，” Akins said. “Also，why pay 30 dollars for a new coat when you can get another one for a lot less？”

她还说:“当我女儿很小的时候，我们就关注重复循环，同时，当你能节省很多钱买到另一件时，又何必非要掏30元买件新的呢？”

Akins said that the SA has shops all over the US - “some as big as department stores.” All of the clothes are donated （捐赠），and when they have a surplus （盈余），they'll have “stuff a bag” specials，where customers can fill a grocery sack With clothes for only 5 or 10 dollars.

Akins说弗罗里达救世军旧货店在全美国都有店面——有些大如商场。那里所有的衣物都是捐赠的。当他们手头结余宽松时，就会买一大袋这种特价商品，顾客花5到10元钱就能买到一大袋的衣服。

Julia Slocum，22，points out，however，that the huge amount of second-hand clothing in the US is the result of American wastefulness. 但是，22岁的Julia Slocum指出，美国绝大多数旧衣服是美国人浪费的结果。

I'd say that second-hand stores are the result of our wasteful，materialistic culture，“ said Slocum，who works for a pro-conservation organization，the Center for a New American Dream. ”Thrift shops prevent that waste from going to landfills （垃圾填埋场）； they give clothing a second life，provide cheaper clothing for those who can't afford new ones and generate （生成）income for charities. They also provide a way for the wealthy and middle classes to shed （摆脱）some of the guilt for their level of consumption.“

在为“一个新美国梦”中心，前保护组织机构工作的Slocum说：“我常常说，旧货店是奢侈浪费，唯物主义文化的产物。”“旧货店防止了垃圾流向垃圾掩埋场；赋予服装第二次生命，给那些买不起新服装的人童工了衣物，同时又增加了慈善事业的收入。，此外，旧货店也使夫人和中产阶级有了摆脱自己消费水准罪恶感的出路。

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第三篇 College Night Owls Have Lower Grades

College students who are morning people tend to get better grades than those who are night owls （晚睡的人），according to University of North Texas researchers.据德州大学的研究员说，早晨型的人比夜猫子可能获得成绩更好。

They had 824 undergraduate（大学本科生的）students complete a health survey that included questions about sleep habits and daytime functioning，and found that students who are morning people had higher grade point averages （GPAs）than those who are night people.

他们对824名大学本科生进行调查，包括调查他们的睡眠习惯和白天活动等，结果发现“夜猫子”的成绩平均绩点要低于早晨型的学生。 “The finding that college students who are evening types have lower GPAs is a very important finding，sure to make its way into undergraduate psychology texts in the near future，along with the research showing that memory is improved by sleep，” study co-author Daniel J. Taylor said in a prepared statement.

研究员的合作者 Daniel J. Taylor在备好的言论中说：“ “夜猫子”的成绩平均绩点均较低，这项很重要的发现，不久之后肯定会写入大学本科生的心理学教材的。同时研究表明睡眠可以改善记忆力。”

“Further，these results suggest that it might be possible to improve academic performance by using chronotherapy （时间疗法）to help students retrain their biological clock to become more morning types，“ Taylor said.泰勒还说，“另外，这也结果表明学生可以通过时间疗法重新养成新的生物钟从而变成造成型的学生，这样就可以提高学业成绩了。”

The research was expected to be presented Monday at SLEEP，the annual meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies，in Baltimore.

者先研究预计在巴尔的摩睡眠专业社团每年一度Monday at SLEEP的会议上公布。

In other findings expected to be heard at the meeting，University of Colorado researchers found a significant association .between insomnia （失眠）and a decline in college students' academic performance.

会议上会有望聆听到乞讨的一些发现，其中科罗拉多大学的研究人员发现了失眠与在校大学生学术业绩有很大的联系。

The study included 64 psychology，nursing and medical students，average age 27.4 years，who were divided into two groups - low GPAs and high GPAs.

这此研究有64位心理学家，医学护理专业学生，平均年龄是27.4.他们被分成平均绩点高的和平均绩点低的两个组。

Among those with low GPAs，69.7 percent had trouble falling asleep，53.1 percent experienced leg kicks or twitches （痉挛）at night，65.6 percent reported waking at night and having trouble falling back to sleep，and 72.7 percent had difficulty concentrating during the day.

在这平均绩点低的之中，69.7%在入学方面都有麻烦，51%的人经历过夜间腿部痉挛，65.6%的人夜间清醒难以入睡，还有72.7%的人在白天无法集中精力。

“In college students，the complaint of difficulty concentrating during the day continues to have a considerable impact on their ability to succeed in the classroom，” study author Dr James F. Pagel said in a prepared statement. “This study showed that disordered sleep has significant harmful effects on a student's academic performance，including GPAs.”

“在大学生中，白天不能集中精力的痛苦一直严重影响对他们在课堂上出色表现的能力。这次研究表明睡眠失调对学生的学术成绩，包括成绩平均绩点有严重的负面作用。”研究研究作者 Dr James F. Pagel在备好的声明中说。

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