2018 牛津高中英语 模块五 Uint2 The environment 单元语法 现在

2018高中牛津英语模块五Unit2 The environment 语法专题: 现在分词的用法

一 语法知识精讲：现在分词的用法 一）现在分词的概念与构成

具有形容词或副词作用的动词-ing 形式即传统语法所指的现在分词（与动名词同形），也属于非谓语动词。其形容词作用是在句中作定语、表语、补足语；其副词作用是在句中作状语。另外，现在分词往往可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成现在分词短语。

现在以do为例，将现在分词的时态及语态列表如下： 时态 一般式 完成式 主动 doing having done 被动 being done having been done 意义 现在分词动作与谓语动作同时发生 现在分词动作先于谓语动作发生 ① The professor came in, following the headmaster. 教授跟着校长进来了。

② The question being discussed is very important. 现在正在讨论的问题很重要。 ③ Having finished their work, they had a rest. 完成工作后，他们就休息了。

④ Having been scolded many times by the boss, he decided to leave. 被老板责骂很多次后， 他决定离开。

二、现在分词的句法功能 1 作定语

作定语的如果是现在分词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是现在分词短语， 则被放在修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句。现在分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），它和句子的其它部分用逗号分开。 1）前置定语

作前置定语的时候，现在分词表达的是进行中的状态，或者物体的性质特征。 表进行中的状态：

① The sleeping child is Jack’s little brother. 正在睡觉的孩子是杰克的小弟弟。 ② a running boy 一个正在跑步的男孩。 ③ a barking dog 一只正在叫的狗。 ④ the setting sun 正在落山的太阳。 表示性质：

① an attacking player 一个攻击型的运动员

② an embarrassing question 一个令人难堪的问题 2）后置定语

这种形式表达的意思相当于一个完整的定语从句所表达的意思，也可以看作定语从句的省略。需要注意的是现在分词的完成式很少用作后置定语。

① The man speaking to the teacher(= The man who is speaking to the teacher) is our monitor’s father. 正在与老师谈话的那个男人是我们班长的父亲。

② The girl sitting between Lucy and Lily (=The girl who is sitting between Lucy and Lily ) is my sister. 坐在Lucy 和Lily中间的女孩是我的妹妹。

③ The girl who has known the news keeps silent. (不能省略）。 温馨提示：

现在分词作前置定语表达的是正在进行的状态，作后置定语则相当于一个定语从句；而动名词作定语表达的是功能、作用。

① a moving car 行进中的汽车 （此处moving为现在分词，a moving car =a car which is moving） ② a swimming pool 游泳池（此处swimming 为动名词，a swimming pool=a pool for swimming） ③a walking stick 手杖 （此处walking 为动名词，a walking stick=a stick for walking）

2 作表语

现在分词作表语，用来说明主语的性质和特征，相当于形容词，其主语通常是物。现在分词作表语的时候，可以被副词修饰。

① The story sounds interesting. 这个故事听起来很有趣。

② The news was disappointing.这个消息令人失望。

③ The match is much too exciting. 这场比赛太让人兴奋了。 温馨提示：

现在分词作表语时保持它的形容词特征，动名词作表语时保持它的名词特征。动名词作表语时常可与主语互换位置，现在分词则不行。如：

① The novel is very interesting. 这本小说很有趣。（现在分词） ② My job is teaching English. 我的工作是教英语。（动名词） 3 作宾语补足语

现在分词可以在某些使役动词（如：get, have, keep, leave, set等）和某些感官动词（如：feel, find, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch等）后面作宾语补足语。

① I hear a girl singing downstairs. 我听到楼下有一个女孩在唱歌。 ② Don’t have the students studying all day. 不要让学生整天都学习。 温馨提示：

现在分词作宾补，可以用在这些词的后面但并不代表这些动词的宾语补足语形式都要用现在分词，有些词后面可以用不带to的不定式作为宾语补足语。

He had the bouncers throw them out of the club. 他让保安人员把他们轰出了俱乐部。 4 作状语

现在分词作状语时可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式、伴随等。作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时多位于句首，且通常与后面用逗号隔开，能转换为一个相应的状语从句。作结果、方式、伴随状语时多位于句尾，且与前面用逗号隔开，有时也可以不用。

1) 作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可以与连词when, while等连用。

① While reading the book (=While he was reading the book), he nodded from time to time.他一边看书，一边不时地点头。

②Hearing the good news(=When he heard the good news), he jumped with great joy. 听到那个好消息的时候，他高兴得跳了起来。

2）作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句

Working hard (=If you work hard), you will succeed. 努力工作，你就会成功。 3）作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句

Being ill (= As she was ill), she didn’t go to school. 因为生病了，所以没去上学。 4）作让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句

Having failed many times (= Although he had failed many times), he didn’t lose heart. 尽管已经失败了许多次，他仍然没有失去信心。 5）作结果状语

His friend died, leaving him a lot of money. (= His friend died and left him a lot of money.) 他的朋友去世了，留给他很多钱。

6） 作方式状语

Please answer the question using another way. 请用另外一种方式回答这个问题。 7） 作伴随状语

The girls came in, following their parents. (= The girls followed their parents and came in). 那些女孩子跟在父母的后面进来了。 温馨提示：

现在分词具有副词的特征，可以直接用作状语；动名词不具有副词特征，不能单独作状语，只有与介词结合时才能作状语。如：

①Hearing the news, they immediately set off for the station. 听到这个消息后，他们立即动身去了车站。（现在分词作状语）

②After finishing his homework, he went to the reading room. 做完家庭作业后，他去了阅览室。（动名词与介词一起作状语）

③On coming in, she laid a pile of documents on the table. 一进来，她就把一沓文件放在了桌子上。（动名词与介词一起作状语）

5 独立成分

有些现在分词的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，成为独立成分。

常见的有：regarding, concerning, considering, supposing, judging from, taking everything into consideration, generally speaking.

Judging from his accent, he is from the south. 从他的口音判断，他是南方人。 三、现在分词的完成式

现在分词的完成式（having done）表示该动作先于谓语动词表示的动作发生。

① Having received a letter, I knew everything is all right. 收到一封信后，我知道一切都好。 ② Having had my supper, I went out for a walk. 吃完晚饭后我就出去散步了。

③ Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky happily. 他知道自己比赛获胜后，高兴地把队员帽扔上了天。 温馨提示：

现在分词的完成被动式having been done表示该动作是先于谓语动作之前被完成的动作。

Perhaps having been stricken by cold last night, her back aches badly. 可能是昨晚受凉了，她后背疼得厉害。 四、现在分词的否定形式

现在分词的否定式由“not+现在分词”构成（完成式的否定式是将not 置于having之前）

Not being able to understand English, he didn’t know what they wanted. 由于不懂英语，他不知道他们想要什么。 Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait. 不知道下一步该做什么，她停下来等着。

Not having heard from her husband for a long time, the wife worried a great deal. 由于很久没有收到丈夫的来信，妻子很担心。

Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn’t dare to go to school. 小女孩没有完成作业，不敢去上学。 例1 In recent years an English word “Infosphere” has appeared, ______the sense of “information” and “ atmosphere”. A combine B combined C combining D being combined C

跟踪练习

1 Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, _____the old town into a dreamland. A turn B turning C to turn D turned

2 The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, _____air conditioning unnecessary. A making B to make C made D being made

3 I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do _____with students. A working B work C to work D worked

4 The park was full of people, _____themselves in the sunshine. A having enjoyed B enjoyed C enjoying D to enjoy

5 When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, ___whether to stay or leave.

A wondering B wonder C to wonder D wondered

6 There’s a not pinned to the door_____when the shop will open again. A saying B says C said D having said

7 The lecture______, a lively question-and- answer session followed.

A being given B having given C to be given D having been given

8 _____the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age. A Spending B Spent C Having spent D To spend

9 _____nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel. A Having spent B To spend C Spent D To have spent

10 There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, _____at the night sky. A to stare B staring C stared D having stared

11 Last night, there were millions of people _____the opening ceremony live on TV. A watch B to watch C watched D watching

12 The sunlight is white and blinding, ______hard-edged shadows on the ground.

A throwing B being thrown C to throw D to be thrown 13 ____the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level. A Find B Finding C To find D Found

14 When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, ____me stories till I fell asleep. A having told B telling C told D to tell

15 ____at the cafeteria before, Tina didn’t want to eat there again. A Having eaten B To eat C Eat D Eating

16 The sun began to rise in the sky, _____the mountain in golden light. A bathed B bathing C to have bathed D having bathed 17 The room is empty except for a bookshelf _____in one corner. A standing B to stand C stands D stood

18 Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail _____for her. A waited B to wait C waiting D was waiting 19 Sophia got an email___her credit card account number.

A asking for B ask for C asked for D having asked for 20 The party will be held in the garden, weather ______. A permitting B to permit C permitted D permit 21 ___to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.

A Having been asked B To ask C Having asked D To be asked

22 The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog_____them. A to follow B following C followed D follows

23 Pressed from his parents, and _____that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.

A realizing B realized C to realize D being realized

24 He got up late and hurried to his office, _____the breakfast untouched. A left B to leave C leaving D having left

25 _____in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad. A Standing B To stand C Stood D Stand

26 The lecture, _______at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A starting B being started C to start D to be started

27 John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter_____him it. A offered B offering C to offer D to be offered

28 I looked up and noticed a snake ____its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. A to wind B wind C winding D wound

29 President Xi has advised young people to avoid staying up late, ______heated response from Internet users on MicroBlog.

A having drawn B drawing C to draw D drawn

30 Homecoming Day often includes many activities, such as sports, culture events, concerts or games. A all depending on a school’s traditions B all depend on a school’s traditions C all depended on a school’s traditions D all are depended on a school’s traditions

KEYS: 1-5 BAACA 6-10 ADCAB 11-15 DABBA 16-20 BACAA 21-25 ABACA 26-30 ABCBA 例2 ______for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. A To work B Worked C To be working D Having worked

1 _____in the adult ceremony, the senior students feel they are shouldering heavier responsibilities now. A Swear B Sworn C Having sworn D To have sworn D

例3 _____which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice. A Not knowing B Knowing not C Not known D Known not 1 I, _______of the meeting, failed to attend it.

A not being informed B having not been informed C not having informed D not having been informed D

基础过关

1 用所给动词的适当形式填空

1 Not really __________(want) to go to see the film, I made an excuse.

2 I started waiting tables at the Blue Window Bistro while __________(attend) colleges. 3 There are many professions __________(involve ) emotional labor.

4 ________(fail ) to keep the chemical at the right temperature could lead to an explosion.

5 There are signs here and there, __________(warn) visitors to look out for __________(fall ) rocks. 6 They want to open new stores __________( offer )tea. 7 __________(drink ) water helps promote health.

8 A chimp __________(raise) in Japan has been trained to perform feats. 9 The house __________(build ) are for students to take a shower.

10 I can hardly imagine Peter __________(sail) across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. 11 They pretended to be working all night with their lights __________(burn) .

Keys: 1-5 wanting; attending; involving; Failing; warning, falling; 6-10 offering; Drinking; raised; being built; sailing; 11 burning

2 单项填空

1 China held a grand parade in Beijing to mark the defeat of Japan in World War Two, ____its military power on an unprecedented scale.

A displayed B displaying C to display D having displayed

2 ______himself with routine office tasks, he had no time to accompany his children. A Occupied B Occupying C Being occupied D To be occupied

3 Most universities in China prefer applicants with foreign degrees when they need teachers, ______the hopes of those who hold domestic master’s or doctor’s degrees.

A ruining B ruined C to ruin D having ruined 4 The fruit ______fresh in his fruit stand_____very well. A look; selling B looking; sells C looked; sells D looking; is sold

5 Listening to music at home is one thing, and going to hear it_____live is quite another. A perform B performing C to perform D being performed

6 ____the heart attack, Monica bought her doctor a bunch of flowers to express her thanks. A Surviving B To survive C Survived D Having survived 7 _____the yard, I found it ____with lots of ______leaves.

A Entering; covering; fallen B Having entered; covered; falling C Entering; covering; falling D Entering; covered; fallen

8 The Silk Road Economic Belt______aims to enhance economic cooperation, traffic connectivity, as well as people -to-people and cultural exchanges.

A building B being built C having built D having been built KEYS: 1-5 BBABD 6-8 DDB

3 用现在分词翻译下列句子

1 手术后还没有完全康复，这位病人被建议再住院两周。

1 _____________from the operation, the patient was advised to stay in hospital for another two weeks. 2 他们边说边笑向公园走去。

2 They went to the park, ________________________. 3 完成作业之后，他踢足球去了。

3 __________________his homework, he went to play football.

4 作为一个团员，他总是帮助别人。

4 _____________________League member, he is always helping others. 5 从年龄来考虑，他懂得很多。

5 _____________his age, he knows a lot.

Keys: 1 Not having fully recovered 2 talking and laughing 3 Having finished 4 Being a 5 Considering

小题狂做专题训练 Grammar

一、语法填空（用所给动词的适当形式填空）

1 ______________(complete) the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks.

2 The old man, ______________(work) abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. 3 At this moment the bell rang, ______________(announce) the end of class.

4 The workers had the machines ______________( run) all night long to finish the work on time.

5 ______________( blame) for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.

6 A person ______________ (learn) a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language, ______________ (forget) all about his own.

7 When he woke, he found himself ______________(look after) by an old man.

8 The graduating students are busy ______________(collect ) material for their reports. 9 She caught the student ______________( pick ) flowers in the garden. 10 The students are advised ______________(take) more exercises.

Keys: 1 Not having complete; 2 having worked 3 announcing 4 running 5 Blamed 6 to learn; forgetting 7 being looked after 8 collecting 9 picking 10 to take

二、单项填空

1 Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, _____supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake. A having sent B to send C sending D to have sent

2 _____such heavy loss during the financial crisis, the businessman didn’t have the courage to go on. A To suffer B Suffering C Having suffered D Suffered

3 _______twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. A Being bitten B Bitten C Having bitten D To be bitten

4 During the opening ceremony, “Miss Smile” has won the hearts of Chinese Internet users after being caught ____the same smile for nearly 20 minutes.

A fixed B to be fixed C to fix D fixing

5 The news shocked the public, _________to great concern about students’ safety at school. A having led B led C leading D to lead

6 I have a lot of readings ______before the end of this term.

A completing B to complete C completed D being completed 7 _____at my classmates’ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes. A Looking B Look C To look D Looked 8 Listen! Do you hear someone ____for help? A calling B call C to call D called

9 I still remember _____to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. A to take B to be taken C taking D being taken

10 _____to nuclear radiation, even for a short time, may produce variants (变异体) genes in human bodies. A Being close B Having been close C Been close D After being close 11 He loves breathing fresh air in the suburbs and _____in the morning sunshine. A sit B sitting C sits D is sitting

12 The flowers ____sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

A to smell B smelling C smelt D to be smelt

13 As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not________, and asked myself what I was going to do. A moved B moving C to move D being moved

14 _____that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her. A To have said B Having said C To say D Saying 15 -- Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.

---Sorry. With so much work______my mind, I almost break down. A filled B filling C to fill D being filled Keys: 1-5 CCBDC 6-10 BAADA 11-15 BBBBB

2 将下列句子画线部分改写为现在分词短语 1 Look round when you cross the street. Look round__________________________________. 2 When she heard the news, she burst into laughter. ________________________, she burst into laughter.

3 As she was still rather weak, she couldn’t stay up for too long. ________________________, she couldn’t stay up for too long. 4 While we were walking in the street, we met some friends of ours. ________________________, we met some friends of ours. 5 There is a tall tree which covers the entrance to the cave. There is a tall tree________________________.

6 Since I didn’t know Chinese, I tried to speak to her in English. ________________________, I tried to speak to her in English. 7 If you study hard now, you will be admitted into a good university. ________________________, you will be admitted into a good university. 8 The boy lay on the grass and listened to musci.

The boy lay on the grass, ________________________

Keys: 1 When crossing the street 2 Hearing the news 3 Being still rather weak 4 While walking in the street 5 covering the entrance to the cave 6 Not knowing Chinese 7 Studying hard now 8 listening to music

三、改错 （每句只有一处错误）

1 The missing boys were last seen to play near the river. 2 Weather permits, we’ll go for a picnic this weekend.

3 The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, added that he had enjoyed his stay here. 4 Having not known his address, I called him in the street.

5 Working on the project for three weeks, he finished it finally.

Keys: 1 to play→ playing 2 Weather→ If weather, 或 permits→ permitting 3 added→ adding或 added前加add 或 4 Having not→ Not having 5 Working→ Having worked

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