C7 Test-2
I.
Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1. Which of the following words does not undergo the process of narrowing of meaning?
A. meat B. liqour C. disease D. journal
2. factor is the one that often contributes to the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of
words, etc.
A. Scientific B. Psychological C. Historical D. Internal
3. The change of word-meaning is achieved by modes of . A. degradation and elevation B. transference and euphemism C. extension and narrowing D. all the above
4. “churl” used to be “a peasant” or “free man” has now come to denote “uncultivated or mean person”, which
belongs to of word-meaning. A. elevation B. narrowing C. extension D. degradation
5. “minister” originally means \
mode of word-meaning change is . A. extension B. elevation C. degradation D. transfer
6. The meanings of \and \in \nose of a ship\and \eye of a needle\have
experienced . A. extension B. degradation C. associated transfer D. elevation
7. Which of the following phenomena is not the narrowing of word-meaning?
A. A common word is turned into a specific word
B. Material nouns are used to refer to objects made of them C. A word of abstract meaning is used as a concrete meaning
D. Some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original is left to retain the meaning of the whole 8. “churl, hussy, wench\en down-graded as \
people\ . A. class reason B. historical reason C. religious reason D. psychological reason 9. Linguistic factors of meaning change exclude . A. grammar C. analogy
B. the influx of borrowing
D. internal factors within the language system
10. In radiation, the secondary meaning of a word is derived from the primary meaning of a word by . 1
A. transfer B. specialization C. extension D. all the above
11. The meaning of “hope” has transferred from to . A. pejorative, appreciative B. appreciative, pejorative C. abstract, concrete D. concrete, abstract
12. The meanings of \ . A. religious need B. economic need C. social need D. psychological need
13. In Hamlet, “pregnant” in “How pregnant sometimes his replies are.” means
A. clever B. with child C.meaningful D. foolish 14. Extension is most frequently found in . A. commonized proper nouns C. polysemic terms
B. techinical words D. all the above
15. If a word which used to have a more sense becomes restricted in its application in present-day
language, the word has undergone narrowing of meaning. A. appreciative B.general C. pejorative D. specific
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 1. Extension and are the most common modes of word-meaning changes. 2. Narrowing of meaning is also known as , which is the opposite of .
3. is a process by which a word which originally had a specific meaning has now become generalized. 4. , also known as amelioration, refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to
positions of importance.
5. of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation.
6. Words which were used to designate one thing but later came to denote something else have experienced the
process of semantic . 7. Words of sensation associated with one sense are sometimes used to describe another sense. This kind of
transfer is known as ______.
8. The change of meaning may be caused by factors within the language system and _________
factors beyond language system.
9. ______ is commonly known as figurative extension of meaning.
10. Low, humble and despised occupations often take more appealing names due to psychological reasons.
Besides, ______ influence is another kind of psychological need.
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of meaning
change.
A
B
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1. companion A. transfer between subjective and objective meanings 2. dreadful 3. pen ( = writing) 4. stage 5.disgust
B. strengthening C. synesthesia D. degradation E. extension
6. hussy F. transfer between abstract and concrete meanings 7. wife G. elevation 8. sweet music 9. governor 10. terrible
IV. Study the following words and identify causes of meaning change in linguistic aspect or in
extra-linguistic aspect. 1. stewkeeper
(
) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) )
2. chair/stool ( 3. computer ( 4. democracy ( 5. fruition ( 6. dog/hound ( 7. churl 9. fortuitous
V. Answer the following questions. Your answer should be clear and short. Write your answers in the
space given.
1. What are the patterns of the transformation of word-meaning? 2. What is degradation? Use examples to illustrate it.
3. What are the linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that cause changes in meaning?
VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.
1. The word \
meaning change and give the reasons.
2. Before Copernicus, the \
of the seven planets revolving around the earth\the earth and other planets revolve\What factors account for its meaning change? List all the causes of meaning changes.
( (
8. pen ( 10. boob-head (
H. narrowing I. weakening J. associated transfer
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答案：
I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the
statement.
1.D 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.A 10.D 11.C 12.D 13.C 14.D 15.B
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 1. narrowing 2. extension 3. Generalization/Extention 4. elevation 5. Pejoration/Deterioration 6. transfer
7. synesthesia 8. linguistic; extra-linguistic 9. associated transfer 10. religious
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of meaning change. 1.E 2.A 3.J 4.F 5.B 6.D 7.H 8.C 9.G 10.I
IV. Study the following words and identify causes of meaning change in linguistic aspect or in extra-linguistic aspect. 1. psychological reason 2. borrowing 3. historical reason 4. class reason 5. analogy 6. borrowing 7. class reason 8. historical reason 9. analogy 10.psychological
V. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. 1. What are the patterns of the transformation of word-meaning?
The major patterns of the transformations of word-meaning are extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and
transfer. Of these major tendencies, extension and narrowing are by far the most common.
2. What is degradation? Use examples to illustrate it.
Degradation of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory
sense. Many words which were once names for the common people in the Middle Ages have taken on bad meanings. A boor was once merely a 'peasant' and has now degraded to be a 'rude, ill-mannered person'.
3. What are the linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that cause changes in 1
meaning?
Lingustic factors refer to internal factors within the language system. (1) One type of such change occurs when a
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phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole, e.g. \\change of meaning may be brought about by analogy.
Extra-linguistic factors are those beyond language system. They are related to society and the physical world. The
extra-linguistic factors include historical reason, class reason and psychological reason.
VI. Analyze and comment on the following.
1. The word \
meaning change and give the reasons.
The meaning of “barn” has undergone extension. Extension of meaning refers to the widening of meaning. “barn”
was once “a place for storing only barely”, but now has extended to mean a “storeroom”, which involves the widening of meaning.
2. Before Copernicus, the \
of the seven planets revolving around the earth\the earth and other planets revolve\What factors account for its meaning change? List all the causes of meaning changes.
The meaning change of \
and discovery. Increased scientific knowledge and discovery are important factors that account for the meaning change of \system and is one of the seven planets revolving around the earth? because of limitations in scientific knowledge. Copernicus was the first to object the belief and suggested the opposite, which was proved by sceintific discovery. With these came the change of meaning of “sun”.
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