What is psychology ?
DEFINITIONS
The word ‘psychology’ is derived from two
Greek
roots
:
‘Psyche’,meaning‘mind’ or ‘soul’ and ‘Logos’,
meaning
‘study
of’.
Psychology, therefore, literally means ‘study of the mind ’.However, a more recent definition by Atkinson et al (1991) suggests that psychology is :‘The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes’ Just giving this simple definition, however, is a bit misleading since psychologists now and throughout their history have not only disagreed about the definition of psychology , but have also strongly disagreed about what should be studied in the subject and how it should be studied.
THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM? PHILOSOPHY
Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century
BC.Two
more
recent
philosophical influences on the
心理学是什么？
定义
“psychology”源于两个希腊词根：“Psyche”和“Logos”. “Psyche”的意思是“思想”和“灵魂”，“Logos”则是研究、学习的意思。因此心理学顾名思义为“有关精神的研究”。然而，阿特金森等人（1991）提出的一个比较新的定义则认为心理学是：“行为和心理过程的科学研究”仅仅下这样一个简单的定义是有一点误导的，因为自始至终，心理学家不仅对心理学的定义没有达成一致，而且对于这一学科应该研究什么和如何进行研究都存在着很大分歧。
心理学史
心理学的源头？
哲学
心理学家已经研究过的许多问题早在公元前5世纪就被希腊哲学家苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德清晰地概述出来。新近的对心理学发展成为一门科学产生影响的两种哲学思潮是：
development of psychology as a science were: 1
Empiricism-which
argued
that
humans should only measure data that is objectively, observable,
such
as
behaviour.
2 Positivism-which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour. BIOLOGY Biology
has
had
two
important
influences:
1 Evolution – Darwin’s suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals.The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theory have had many important implications for the study and understanding of behaviour.
2 Physiology – the discoveries, mostly by the medical profession,of the structure and function of the brain, nervous, and endocrine systems have significantly
contributed
to
the
understanding of behaviour. PHYSICS
?A subject that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientists in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and
1经验主义---该学派认为人们只应该研究一些客观的、可观察的测量数据，例如：行为。
2实证主义---该学派认为应该把科学的方法和原理应用于对人类行为的研究。 生物学
生物学对心理学有两个重要影
响。
1进化论—达尔文提出人类是从其他物种进化而来的。紧随他的进化论之后产生的在基因方面的发现，对 于研究和理解行为有很多重要的影响。
2 生理学—大部分随着医学进展而获得的关于大脑的、神经的以及内分泌系统的结构和功能的成果，对行为的理解起了关键作用。
物理学
?这门学科因为它巨大的成就曾被心理学家们当作理想的模型。他们曾借鉴物理学的科学方法和原则来研
principles.
?Physicists,such as Fechner,started applying their subject to
human behaviour
and experience(psychophysics)
in
the
nineteenth century , with some success. WHEN DID
PSYCHOLOGY
START?
The data 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology
laboratory
in
Leipzig.
Wundt is , therefore,regarded as the ‘founding father’ of psychology , although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honour since his 1890 book (which took 12 years to write) entitled Principles of Psychology a major landmark psychology’s literature and he began in teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.
HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP?
?Structuralism – was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himself, who
究心理。
?物理学家们，像费希纳，在19世纪，费希纳开始把他们的一些学科内容应用于对人类行为的研究和实验之中（即心理物理学），并获得了一些成功。 心理学肇始？
1879年通常被说成是心理学作为一门独立的科学学科的开始。因为在1879年冯特在莱比锡建立了第一个心理学实验室。虽然冯特因此被称为“心理学之父”，但是美国人倾向于让詹姆士获得此殊荣。詹姆士在1890年出版的《心理学原理》（花12年心血完成）是心理学文史上的一个重要的里程碑。而且1875年他就开始在哈佛大学教授生理学与心理学之间关系的课程。
心理学的发展
结构主义--结构主义是心理学研究的第一种方法，由冯特自己提出。他认为心理学的研究对象应该是意识本
thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind ,and that it should be studied
by
introspection
(looking
inwards at one’s own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component
parts
(such
as
images ,sensations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals. One structuralist ,Titchener , claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to form the structure of the human mind, but the approach was replaced by functionalism. ?Functionalism – the approach William James advocated. James was influenced by Darwin’s views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional ,to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behaviour and thoughts are for. Many of James’s insights remain valid today ,but functionalism was superseded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.
?Psychoanalysis – was in fact a method of therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria ,but in many major books, such
as
The
interpretation
of
dreams(1900) ,Freud began describing
身，并应采用内省法（个体对自身心理活动的观察）把意识分解成它的组成部分（例如：想象、知觉、感觉），就像化学科学对待化学元素那样。其中一个结构主义者，铁钦纳,宣称那些构成心理活动的最基本的感觉单元共有46708种之多，但该方法最终被机能主义所代替。
功能主义--由詹姆士所提出的方法.受达尔文观点的影响，詹姆士认为大脑的运作具有一定的机能，是为了生存和适应，所以我们应该研究行为和思想产生的原因。詹姆士的许多思想在今天仍然具有影响力，但是机能主义还是被接下来出现在世纪之交的两种非常有影响的方法代替。
精神分析--实际上是由奥地利的西德蒙德?弗洛伊德发展形成的一种治疗方法。但是在很多著作中像《梦的解 论，这一理论对心理学产生了极大的
in detail an underlying theory of the human mind and behaviour that has had an enormous (and controversial ) impact on psychology. Freud argued that the proper
object
of
psychological
investigation should be the unconscious mind ,and that our behaviour is determined by processes of which we are not aware.
?Behaviourism – Behaviourists, such as John Watson ,were extremely critical of all the approaches that concerned themselves with ‘mind’, and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behaviour if it wanted to be an objective science. This approach dominated experimental psychology until the 1950s , when a strong resurgence of interest in the ‘mind’ developed in the form of the cognitive and the humanistic approaches, which suggested that behaviourism ignored all the most important and interesting things that go on in our heads.
?Cognitive psychology – aims to investigate the mind by using computer information processing ideas to arrive at testable models of how the brain works ,
影响。弗洛伊德主张心理学研究的对象应是无意识，我们的行为正是被这种我们察觉不到的过程决定着。
行为主义--行为主义者，比如华生，他极力的批判那些声称与“意识”有关的研究方法，并主张心理学要想成为一门客观的科学，就必须只研究可观察的行为。这种方法一直控制着实验心理学，直至十九世纪五十年代。在此期间，一股强大的研究“意识”的回潮，开始以认知和人本主义方法的形式发展起来。他们认为行为主义忽视了在我们大脑里那些最重要的和最有意义的东西。
认知心理学--目的是通过使用计算机信息处理的方法来获得大脑如何工作可验证的模型，进而研究人的心理，
and then applying scientific methods to confirm these models. The cognitive approach has enjoyed much success and is a very dominant one in psychology today.
?The Humanistic approach , however, has had less of an impact on psychology ,since it has deliberately adopted a less scientific view of the human mind by arguing that psychology should focus on each individual’s conscious experience and aims in life. ?The
Biological
approach
has
advanced evolutionary, physiological, and genetic explanations for human behaviour throughout the history of psychology.
之后，使用科学的方法来验证这些模型。认知心理学获得了许多成功，并 且成为当今心理学的一支主流。
人本主义方法--对心理学的影响较少，因为它故意持有一种较不科学的观点，它主张：心理学应该关注每个个体的意识经验和生活目标。
生物学--在心理学的发展史中，生物学派对人类的行为在进化、生理和基因方面的有较高级的解释。
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