置和茎的长度。他注意到在每种情况下同样的几率。从这些实验中,孟德尔制定了如今被称为孟德尔定律的独立分类。这一定律
阐明了在配子形成的过程中等位基因独立分离。因此,每一个性状都独立于其他性状地被遗传给后代。
2. The results of Mendel's experiments on dominant and recessive inheritance let to Mendel's first law: the law
of segregation. This law states that for a given trait an organism inherits one allele from each parent. Together
these alleles form the allele pair. When gametes are formed during meiosis, the two alleles become separated (halving
of chromosome number).To gain evidence for his theory Mendel performed test crosses, mating plants of unknown genotype
to plants that were homozygous recessive for the trait of interest. The ratio of dominant phenotypes (if any) in
the progeny makes clear whether the unknown genotype is heterozygous, homozygous dominant, or homozygous recessive. 结果孟德尔的实验在显性和隐性遗传让到孟德尔的第一定律:种族隔离的法律。这个定律表明,对于一个给定的特质有机体每个
人从父母那里继承一等位基因。这些等位基因的等位基因在一起形成一对。当配子形成减数分裂过程中,两个等位基因走散(染
色体数目的一半)。获得证据支持他的理论孟德尔执行测试跨越、交配植物基因型植物不明的纯为感兴趣的隐性性状。占主导地
位的比例表型(如果有的话)的后代使得清楚未知的基因型是杂合的,纯合子的主导,或纯合子的隐性。
汉译英
1. 在细胞生长过程中，细胞循环遵循特定程序，分裂准备，分裂成2个子细胞，子细胞再循环。此循环使得单细胞永生。多细
胞生物中的许多细胞，包括动物肌肉和神经细胞，要么降低循环速度，要么同时分裂。
The cell cycle is a regular sequence in which the cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter
cells, each of which then repeats the cycle. Such cycling in effect makes single-celled organisms immortal. Many
cells in multicellular organisms, including animal muscle and nerve cells, either slow the cycle or break out of
it altogether.
2. 生物学家将有丝分裂划分为4个阶段。分裂前期，高度浓缩的两个染色单体通过着丝粒连接在一起。在分裂前期后期和分裂
中期前期，浓缩的染色体与纺锤体相连，最后以正确的角度排列在赤道板上。在分裂后期，两个姊妹单体分离，分别拽向细胞
两极。在分裂末期，在每套染色体周围形成核膜，细胞质发生分裂。
Biologists divide the mitotic cycle into four phases. At the beginning of prophase 前期 the chromosomes each consist
of two highly condensed chromatids attached to each other at a centromere. As prophase ends and metaphase 中期
begins, the condensed 浓缩的 chromosomes become associated with the spindle 纺锤体. Eventually the chromosomes
become arranged in a plane (called the metaphase plate) at a right angle to the spindle fibers. Next, during anaphase
后期, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome split, and one from each pair is drawn toward each pole of the
cell. During telophase 末期 nuclear envelopes 包膜 begin to form around each set of chromosomes, and division of
the cytoplasm takes place.
英语辅导
第六次作业
英译汉
1. one-gene–one-polypeptide hypothesis The hypothesis that a large class of structural genes exists in which each
gene encodes a single polypeptide, which may function either independently or as a subunit of a more complex protein.
Originally it was thought that each gene encoded the whole of a single enzyme, but it has since been found that
some enzymes and other proteins derive from more than one polypeptide and hence from more than one gene. 一基因一多肽合成假说：假说的内容是存在于每个基因的一大类结构基因编码单个多肽,这些多肽可能单独行使功能或者作为一
个更复杂的蛋白质的亚基。最初被认为每个基因编码的整个单一的酶,但已经被发现一些酶和其他蛋白质来自多个多肽,因此也
由多个基因介导。
2. Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary to the lagging template strand, together forming short double-stranded DNA sections. Okazaki fragments are between 1,000 to 2,000 nucleotides long in E. coli and are between 100 to 200 nucleotides long in eukaryotes. On the leading strand DNA replication proceeds continuously along the DNA molecule as the parent double-stranded DNA is unwound, but on the lagging strand the new DNA is made in installments（部分）, which are later joined together by a DNA ligase（连接酶） enzyme（DNA连接酶）. This is because the enzymes that synthesise the new DNA can only work in one direction along the parent DNA molecule. 冈崎片段是短的,是在DNA复制过程中在后随链上新合成的DNA片段。它们与后随链互补,协助形成短的双链DNA单元。冈崎片段在大肠杆菌中是介于1000和2000个氨基酸长度以及在真核生物中是介于100到 200个核苷酸长度。由于亲本双链的解旋在起始链上的复制不断的产生DNA分子,但是在后随链上的新DNA是部分合成的，然后这些DNA再由DNA连接酶连接在一起。这是因为合成新DNA的酶只能在亲本DNA分子的一个方向上作用。
汉译英
1. 双因子杂合试验，两个特征是如何相互影响遗传的。试验结果产生独自分配定律，即等位基因独立遗传。特例是，不完全显性。子代的表型是父母本的中间类型。不完全显性说明了两个等位基因对表型都有影响。等位基因会继续分离。
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