语法专项 4 定语从句

第四部分 定语从句

定语从句, 作为高中英语语法的一个重点, 往往被视作高中英语学习开始的标志。本讲介绍了定语从句的一些概念、定语从句的种类、用法, 并就一些容易混淆点进行了分析, 不仅帮助学生透彻掌握这种形容词性从句, 同时, 对日后名词性从句的有效学习也有很好的辅助作用。 一、知识点拨

(一)限制性定语从句(Restrictive Attributive Clause) ★问题一：常用关系代词的格和其在从句中作何成分?

1. 常用关系代词有：who, whom, whose, which, that等, 它们的格, 见下表： 主格 宾格 所有格 指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose 指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which 2. 关系代词在从句中通常所作的成分, 见下表： 主语 宾语 定语 表语 主语 宾语 定语 表语 who √ √ that √ √ √ whom √ as √ √ √ whose √ than √ √ which √ √ √(of which) but √ 问题二：关系代词who和whom在运用中须注意什么? who指人, 作为主格的who,在从句中作主语。whom也是指人, 作为宾格的whom在从句中作宾语，可以省略。who有时可以代替whom, who与whom的使用须注意的是：

1. 当whom在从句中作介宾, 且接在该介词之后时, 只能用whom不能用who。(详见问题八：定语从句中充当宾语的关系代词在运用中须注意什么3)如：

The man who/whom you were talking about has come to inspect our school. =The man about whom you were talking has come to inspect our schoo1. 2. 注意分析关系代词在从句中究竟是作宾语还是主语。如： This is Professor Luxon, who √

whom× I think has something interesting to tell us.

(若认为关系代词是作I think的宾语而用whom, 则是错误的。因为I think的宾语不是whom一个词, 而是who has something interesting to tell us整个从句部分。而在整个从句部分中, 关系代词作主语, 所以应用who, I think是插入语。若去掉插入语I think, 从句仍是个完整的从句who has something interesting to tell us。(另见(三), 定语从句其它注意点问题二：如何分析含有插入语的定语从句?)

问题三：关系代词所有格有哪些表达形式?

表示人的所有格用whose, 表示物的所有格用of which, 但也用whose.如： ①People believe that surgeons are professionals whose skills sometimes mean the difference between life and death.

whose sides ②The path of which the sides are covered with trees extends to the forest. the sides of which

问题四：关系代词which在运用中须注意什么?

which指物, 在从句中通常作主语、宾语。有时, which也可以在从句中作定语。如： ①Some forms of greeting which are good manners in China are not considered so in Britain or some other English-speaking countries. (作主语) ②Today Michelangelo’s works are still examples from which art students must learn, and visitors to such tourist attractions still can’t help but admire them. (作宾语) ③My sister spent five years at university, during which time she studied medicine. (作定语) ④ Five years of life in prison changed him greatly, for which reason she could hardly recognize him at

语法专项 定语从句1

first sight. (作定语)

问题五：在何种情况下只能用关系代词that?

关系代词that只能引导限制性定语从句, 在从句中, that 可以代替who, whom和which。但下述情况下, 我们通常只用that：, 1. 下列情况只用that。

1)当先行词是something, anything, everything, nothing, much, little, few, all, any, none, the one等不定代词时；或先行词被all, every, few, little, much, some, any, no, one of等所修饰时。如： ①All is not gold that glitters. ②There is nothing that can be used to replace the work of human brains.

2). 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，或被序数词, 如the first；the last等修饰时。如： ①This is the coolest cell phone that I have ever seen. ②The first thing that you have to do is find out the truth. 3)当先行词被the only, the very修饰时。如： ①This is the very laptop that I am dying for. ② The only step that we can take at the moment is to work out the details of the plan. 2. 当关系代词既指人又指物时。如：

The tricycle knocked over a girl and her pet that were gamboling about in front of the fountain. 3. 当关系代词在限制性定语从句中作表语时。如： He is not the naughty boy that you thought him to be.

4. 当先行词为疑问代词, 或主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时, 避免重复。如： Who that has been helped by him can forget his heroic action? 但当先行词中有that或those时, 通常用which、who或whom。如： ①God helps those who help themselves. ②That opera house which the Danish architect designed looks magnificent. 5. 在There/Here be句型中。如：

Here is the paper that you left behind the other day. 问题六：关系代词as该如何运用?

1. as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。通常用于such…as…, so…as…, the same…as中引导限制 性定语从句时。如：

He is not such a fool as he looks.

1)the same…as…和the same…that. . 定语从句的区别：用as引导的定语从句, 表示它的内容与先行词内容“相似”, 指同一类；用that引导的定语从句, 表示它的内容与先行词内容“相同”, 指同一物。此外, as 引导的从句常可采取省略形式. 而that不可以。如： ①I am of the same opinions as you are. ②He is the same boy that came to knock at the door yesterday evening. 2)定语从句such/so…as…和状语从句such/so…that…的区别：

定语从句such／so…as中, as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语；结果状语从句such/so…that中, that在从句中不作成分, 从句的动词有其自己的宾语。也就是说, 如果引导从句的词后面若是一句完整的句子, 则该从句就是状语从句。如：

Here is so heavy a case as no one can move. (定语从句, as在从句中作move的宾语) Here is so heavy a case that no one can move it. (状语从句, move有自己的宾语it) 问题七：关系代词than和but该如何运用?

than在定语从句中作主语或宾语, 通常用于“比较级+than”中，but在定语从句中通常作主语，意义相当于who…not, that…not或which…not。如： ① There is no rule but has exceptions. (=…which does not have exceptions. ) ② There are few but admire his talents. (=…who do not admire his talents. ) 问题八：定语从句中充当宾语的关系代词在运用中须注意什么?

1. 在定语从句中充当介词宾语的关系代词which和whom 可以同介词一起位于主句和从句之间，也可以把该介词置于从句中相关动词后。如：

语法专项 定语从句2

The little girl whom the ugly man was smiling at was scared to death. =The little girl at whom the ugly man was smiling was scared to death.

2. 通常一些含有介词的短语动词不能与其介词分开, 介词必须接在相应动词后。常见的此类短语动词有look after, look for, put off, give up, take care of, pay attention to等。如： The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.

3. 当关系代词that或who在定语从句中担当介词宾语时, 该介词不能置于that或who前, 而必须 跟在从句中相应动词后，否则, 关系代词只能用which或whom。如：

The flat that/which she lives in is a large one. =The flat in which she lives in a large one. 问题九：关系代词在什么情况下可以省略？

1. 在定语从句中充当动词宾语时，关系代词可以省略. 如：

Spiders are the enemies of insects and the friends of humans. That’s something (that) Chinese farmers realized years ago and scientist are only beginning to understand today.

2. 当关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，若将该介词置于从句中相应动词之后时, 该关系代词可以省略；但若该介词在关系代词之前， 该关系代不可省略。如： (which／that)I applied for. Fortunately, I have obtained the job for which I applied. 3. 在从句中作表语的关系代词可以省略。如：

The modern computer is not the machine (that) it was when first invented. 4. way后面引导定语从句的in which或that或可以省略。如：

We all have the twenty-four hours of the day, but differ in the way (in which, that) we use them. 5. 从句部分为“there be…”结构时, 作主语的关系代词可以省略。如： This is the only book (that) there is on this subject.

问题十：关系副词when, where和why在运用中须注意什么？

1. when指代时间, 在从句中作时间状语, 相当于一个相应的介词加上 which。 如： He won’t forget the day when/on which he had his leg broken in the traffic accident. 2. where指代地点. 在从句中作地点状语, 相当于一个相应的介词加上which。如： Stratford-on-Avon is the place where/in which Shakespeare was born.

[注意]where引导的定语从句不仅可以修饰地点名词, 还可以修饰其它如case, conditions, point, position, situation. system等表示“情况. 方面”的名词, 这时where意为“在这种情况下”。如： (1)They were in a difficult situation where all efforts were in vain. (2) We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money.

3. why引导的定语从句通常修饰reason等表示原因的名词, 在从句中作原因状语, 相当于for+ which。如：

Small children don’t really know the reason why/for which Father Christmas will come and bring them presents during their sleep.

问题十一：如何判断关系代词和关系副词?

如果指代时间、地点或原因的关系词在从句中不是作状语, 而是作主语、宾语或表语。则要用关系代词which或that, 而不用关系副词when, where或why。因此, 究竟用关系代词还是关系副词关键取决于先行词在从句中所作的成分。如：

when × we spent together and the days when√ ① I’ll never forget the days we worked together. which √ (which which×

作spent的宾语) (when作时间状语)

why×

he told me before he resigned. ②

This is the reason which√ (which在从句中作told的宾语) ③ Is this the museum where the ancient Chinese paintings and calligraphy are on display? (where 作地点状语)

Is this the museum which you visited the other day? (which作visited的宾语)

Is this museum the one (that) you visited the other day? (the one作主句的表语，that作从句visited 的宾语) 问题十二：when和where引导的到底是定语从句还是状语从句?

由关系副词when和where引导的定语从句和由从属连词when和where引导的状语从句有时

语法专项 定语从句3

很容易混淆, 关键是要看从句前是否有其所修饰的名词。如果有，该名词就是先行词, 从句就是定语从句；如果没有, 从句就是状语从句。如： where he is. (地点状语从句) ①Leave him at the place where he is. (定语从句，place为先行词) where you don’t know. (地点状语从句) ②Put down a note at the place where you have questions. (定语从句，place为先行词) when the fire broke out. (时间状语从句) ③The whole city was sleeping at the time when the fire broke out. (定语从句，time为先行词) (二)非限制性定语从句 (Non-restrictive Attributive Clause) 除了关系代词that，than, 和but以及关系副词why, 其它的关系代词和关系副词都可以用于非限制性定语从句：

问题一：在何种情况下只能用非限制性定语从句?

限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切, 是先行词不可或缺的定语；而非限制姓定语从句与先行词关系不密切, 只是对先行词作附加说明。

a)当先行词的所指非常明确时, 通常用非限制性定语从句。这具体指： 1)当先行词是专有名词时, 包括人名、地名、日子名等。如： ①Cindy, whose sister works in a bank, is not good with money. ②Mary is going to spend the holiday in Rome, where she has some friends. ③May Day, which is the time to celebrate the leaving of winter and welcome the coming of spring and summer, falls on the first of May.

2)当先行词是sun, moon等世上独一无二的事物或当先行词是father, mother, husband, wife等唯一有关者时。如：

The boy’s mother, who loves him very much, has made many sacrifices for his happiness. 3)、当先行词是上下文已提列过的人或物，或者根据语境是定指的时候, 如：

David is my neighbour. He, who takes after his father, must knock at my door at dinner time.

b)当关系代词作介词of的宾语，而且前有被这一介词短语修饰的数词、代词或名词时, 通常用非限制性定语从句。如： ①The students, some of whom had already started to leave the classroom were called back by the teacher. ②These are two different words, the spellings of which are easily confused.

c)当关系代词which或whom作复杂介词如at the back of, at the end of, at the bottom of, as a result of, because of, by means of, in front of, in the centre/middle of, on account of, in／with reference to, in consequence of等的宾语时, 通常用非限制性定语从句. 如：

We visited the famous opera, in the center of which stands an ancient Greek sculpture.

d)修饰整个主句部分时, 要用以which或as引导的作限制性定语从句。此时的关系代词which或as代表整个句子。

问题二：引导非限制性定语从句的which和as有何区别?

1. which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或之中。如：

Richard passed all his examinations, which pleased his parents.

As is expected, the result is satisfactory. =The result, as is expected, is satisfactory. =The result is satisfactory, as is expected.

2. which仅表示“这件事，这个点”等，相当于and this或and that；而 as表示“正如/正象”等。所以由as引导的定语从句通常在意义上与主句保持和谐一致，且多为肯定句, 若定语从句在意义上与主句相悖，则用which 引导。在下列一些固定结构中，用as不用which: as we (all) know, as is well known, as we (all) can see, as you say, as is said/mentioned above, as you may have heard, as you may remember, as is often the case, as often happens等. . which√

① Today the languid man came to the meeting on time, was unexpected.

as × ②Dick is fined for drunken driving, as is often the case.

语法专项 定语从句4

3. 在“as +is/was+过去分词”结构中的is或was可以省略. 而which引导的该结构中is或was不可省略。如：

Lincoln was shot in a theatre, as (was) described in this film. 问题三：在非限制性定语从句中作表语的关系代词用什么?

在限制性定语从句中作表语的关系代词只用that, 且可以省略；但由于that不可引导非限制性定语从句，所以在非限制性定语从中，作表语的关系代词不管是指人还是指物，仍用which，且不可省略。如： ①My sister is a good designer, which I am not. ②He wrote a great novel, which it still is today.

问题四：在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略吗?

在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词有时可省略，但在非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不可省略。如： The musical The Phantom of the Opera, which we enjoyed in the Shanghai Grand Theatre last night enjoys a high reputation in the world.

(三)定语从句其它注意点

问题一：什么时候用关系代词，什么时候用and?

对初学者来说，必须搞清楚以which, who 或whom引导的是定语从句，而以and 连接的是并列句。例如：

which ① He failed to keep his promise and that disappointed me. some of which ②He has a lot of magazines, and some of them are about sport. three-fifths of whom

③There are fifty students in the class, and three-fifths of them are girls. 问题二：如何分析含有插入语的定语从句?

经常在定语从句中做插入语的有:I/we believe/think/know, every body believes/thinks/knows等。 如：Jim is the new comer who I believe has great potential.

若认为该例句中关系代词是作I believe的宾语而用whom, 则是错误的，因为I believe的宾语不是whom一个词，而是who has great potential整个从句部分，而往整个从句中关系代词是作主语，所以用who。事实上, I believe是插入语, 若去掉此插入语，从句部分仍是个完整的从句：who has great potential.

问题三：如何区别定语从句和强调句?

1. 强调句型It is…that…可以强调名词、副词、介词短语或从句。当强调名词时,注意勿与主句部分是个“主语+系动词+表语”的结构的定语从句混淆。如：

that my father worked with for ten years. (定语从句) ①

It was in the company that my father worked for ten years. (强调句) ②—Where did you have a shampoo and set?

that you recommended to me. (定语从句) —It was in the hairdressing salon that I had a shampoo and set. (强调句) ③ It／This is the first time (that)I have visited Scotland. (定语从句) It was for the first time that I visited Scotland. (强调句)

这些定语从句的主句部分是个“主语+系动词+表语”的结构，that在从句部分担当成分。如果去掉it is…that…,句子结构就不完整。而在这些强调句中, it是个引词, 没有具体含义。如果去掉it is…that…, 只须把语序稍加调整，句子结构仍是完整的。

2. 注意带有定语从句的强调句型“It is+被强调的名词+定语从句+that/who+强调句其余部分”。 如：(1)It was in that hairdressing salon which／that was managed by Coney that I met the pop star. ②It is always the mouth which talks too much that arouses troubles. ③It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a leader. 问题四：定语从句中的主谓一致问题有哪些?

1. 定语从句中的动词单复数取决于先行词, 而不是关系代词, 所以, 从句中的谓语动词要与先行

语法专项 定语从句5

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