education in America

Education in America

American schools, both public and private, consist of 12 years of grades--basically 8 years of elementary school and 4 years of secondary or high school, although grades 7 and 8, or 7, 8 and 9 may be housed together in a middle school or junior high school. In addition, the elementary school offers five-year-olds a year of kindergarten, usually half-day sessions, before they have formal instruction in reading and writing in the first grade. In a few states two years of junior college(the first two years of higher education) or a vocational school are part of the public school system. Schooling is compulsory in most states to the age of 16.

在美国公立学校和私立学校都是12年制的，8年初中教育，4年高中教育 尽管7.8年级或7，8和9年级是在初中学校完成的。另外，在上一年级接受正式的读写训练前，初中学校会提供给五岁的孩子一年的学前教育，通常只上半天的课。 在美国的几个州，大学或职业学校的前两年都属于公立学校系统。义务教育的年龄在大部分州中都是16岁。

The public schools are administered by local school boards--groups of people elected by the voters. The board appoints the superintendent and sometimes participates in choosing the teachers, decides how school funds are to be allocated, and has some voice in establishing the curriculum. Local funds for the schools come largely from property taxes paid by residents of the local school districts. Thus the people of the entire community, not just the parents of the children who attend, pay for public schools, which are free and open to everyone.

公立学校被当地的学校理事会管理，学校理事会的人都是被选举出来的。理事会有权任命学校主管并且常常甄选教师，决定学校资金的分配情况，也有权利参与学校课程的建立。学校基金大部分来自于当地学校社区居民所纳的财产税。因此整个社区的居民不仅是学校孩子的父母要支付自由开放的公立学校的学费，还要进行纳税。

In elementary school, all children in a given grade study the same thing. In junior high school the student may have a limited choice of subjects. In high school the choice is wider. While some subjects are required of everyone, some high school students, in addition, take vocational classes, and others study subjects that will prepare them for college. Students from both groups study under the same roof, each selecting courses according to his or her needs and interest. High school students commonly study four to five basic subjects per semester, each for approximately an hour a day. Additional courses, such as physical education, art, or music, may meet twice a week.

在小学学校，同一年级的所有孩子都学习一样的东西。在高中学校，学生在选择科目时可能会有所限制。高中的选择比较机会比较多。然而一些科目是要求每个学生必选的，另外一些高中生会选择职业规划课程，其他人则会选择为上大学做准备的课程。这两部分学生同在一个教室里学习，每一个人按照自己的兴趣和爱好选择自己的课程。高中生通常一学期学习4到5 门基础科目，每一个科目大约一天一小时。其余的课程，例如体育，艺术，音乐可能会一周上两次课。

After high school a person may prepare for a particular vocation or occupation by attending vocational courses either in a junior college or in a privately supported training school such as secretarial or industrial school. Or a person may attend a college or university. The term “college” refers to an undergraduate institution that confers a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science degree after four years of study. A university generally is a group of colleges, each serving a

special purpose: a college of liberal arts, a college of business, a college of education, and the like. In addition, universities offer graduate programs. The Master of Arts degree occasionally may be obtained after one year of additional specialized study, although some institutions require longer study. The Doctor of philosophy is the highest degree in the area of the sciences and humanities.

Professional degree in such fields as medicine and law are part of the program of graduate education. （472）

高中毕业生可能会参加职业课程来为特殊的职业做准备，或者在大学或私立训练学校，例如文秘或产业学校。更或者一个毕业生会选择上大学。学院这个单词指的是一个本科院校，这个本科院校会在你4年的学习之后颁发给你文科学士学位或理科学士学位。一所大学是由一系列的学院组成的，每一个学院代表不同的学术学科：文学院，商学院，教育学院等等。另外，大学也提供研究生课程。文学硕士学位可能会在一年的专业学习之后获得，尽管一些学院要求更加长期的学习。哲学博士是科学人文学科领域的最高学位，在一些领域，例如医药和法律领域中，职称证书也是研究生项目的一部分。

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