courses. C. It's the exact same degree that you would get at IESA, except that you won't see any teachers. D.That's why every week you will get to video chat with a teacher. E. For OpenClassrooms, the company will surely enjoy a reputation for its technology. F. OpenClassrooms lets you work and study at the same time, and pay a lot less. You won't have any excuse to skip class anymore. French startup OpenClassrooms is offering the first State-recognized bachelor degree in France that uses only MOOCs (massive open online courses). The startup partnered with IESA Multimedia to create this program. There are three learning pants in engineering, design and marketing. Students will have to complete all the courses and required projects in order to get their degree.① __________IESA is already working on 40 different MOOCs for this program. On average, it will take a year of hard work in order to complete all the classes.As always,it's hard to keep going when you sign up for a MOOC.②__________. This kind of degree has many key advantages. For IESA, it gives the school more students. IESA is a private school, and its end goal is to make as much money as possible.So with these new MOOC students, IESA will be able to get more money per teacher on average.
③__________The startup already offers a course for ￡20 per month, but you need to pay ￡300 per month for the Premium Plus offering to use the state-recognized program. It's unclear how much OpenClassrooms will keep, but it should be more than ￡20 per month.
For students, it's a cheaper way to get a degree. Maybe you can't afford to study for three years at IESA and pay ￡6,950 per year. ④__________Sure, it's probably a less enjoyable experience than going to your school and spending time with other students and teachers, but it makes sense for some students.
It's an interesting new direction for OpenClassrooms, and I can't wait to see whether other schools will start working with the startup to provide online courses. It will be interesting to see whether the first students are satisfied with this Kind of degree as well.
7
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A. Watling Street’s origins are lost in prehistory. B. But Shakespeare can still be connected to the road. C. In fact, it is hard to find a character from the British imagination who cannot be linked to Watling Street in some way. D. It is one of the few permanent fixtures of this island and one of the first lines on the map.
E. Here characters including Sherlock Holmes and Batman have been brought to life. F. It is Watling Street — and there is no road in the English-speaking world more steeped in stories. The road that led to 1,000 stories In his new book Watling Street, John Higgs explores one o fBritain’s oldest roads — and how it inspired countless stories, from the Canterbury Tales to Great Expectations to Star Wars.
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, written in the late 14th Century, tells the story of a group of medieval pilgrims travelling from London to Canterbury. Six hundred years later, the Star Wars movies were filmed on the same road.① .
We now think of Watling Street as the A2 and the A5 motorways, which run acrossBritainfrom Anglesey in north-west Wales to Dover in south-east Englandin a way that joins two opposite sides at an angle. But the road has existed throughout all of British history. ② . It has been a Neolithic (新石器时代的)pathway, a Roman road, one of the four medieval (中世纪的)royal highways, a main road in the age of coach travel and a road today usually with traffic jams. It is a place that reflects its own history, always being
rewritten.③ . James Bond drives along the road in Ian Fleming’s novel Moonraker. Doctor Who appears suddenly at different points along it in different historical eras. It is part of Robin Hood’s plans in the medieval narrative poem A Little Geste of Robin Hood and his Meiny. Miss Havisham’s decaying Gothic house in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is based on Restoration House in Rochester, which stands just yards from Watling Street. In the 12th-Century Histories of the Kings of Britain, Geoffrey of Monmouth tells how a young Merlin released the dragons that caused King Vortigem’s tower to fall. This was at Dinas Emrys in Snowdonia, on the route of the original, pre-Roman road throughWales. For many years it was believed that William Shakespeare wrote a play called The Widow of Watling Street', it was included in early collections of his work. It is now thought that the real author of that play was Thomas
Middleton.④ .Before the Romans bridged the Thames, the original route of Watling Street crossed the river where Westminster Palace now stands. The route would have run close to where Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre in Southwark later stood.
8Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A. People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements.
B. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
C. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.
D. Individual differences are most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work. E. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. F. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work. Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer.① For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory (义务的) volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. ②
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.③ The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”. Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. ④ Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive relationship between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to definite advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”. 二、短文填空 9
A. tissue B. treated C. potential D. engineering E. environment F.
limited G. procedure H. commercial I. promising J. expanding K. internal Scientists have developed a new surgical glue that could transform emergency treatments by sealing up critical wounds in the skin or the organs, without the need for staples or sutures(钉合或缝合). It’s called MeTro. It was developed by researchers from both Harvard Medical School and the University of Sydney, led by Nasim Annabi, an assistant professor of chemical① . The glue is made from a modified(改良的)human protein that responds to UV light, allowing the application and drying of the gel-like substance in just a minute.
According to the international team of researchers behind the glue, it could quite literally be a lifesaver, sealing up wounds in 60 seconds without stopping the natural② and relaxing of the organ or the skin it’s applied to. Wounds③ with MeTro can heal up in half the time compared with stitches or staples, the researchers claim, and if surgery is required then MeTro can simplify that ④ too. It's also one of several ways researchers are exploring to engineer our body's own natural substances to help repair it when needed.
The⑤ applications are powerful – from treating serious ⑥ wounds at emergency sites such as following car accidents and in war zones, as well as improving hospital surgeries. MeTro is simple to apply, can be easily stored, and works closely with natural ⑦ to heal a wound. What’s more, it degrades without leaving any kind of poisonous leftovers in the body.
For now the trials are ⑧ to animal models. But human trials are in the works, and the results to date are incredibly ⑨ . If the MeTro can be further developed into a ⑩ product, it could become an essential part of a first responder’s toolkit.
10Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only beused once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. potentially B. filmed C. dropped D. commonly E. treats F. sympathy G. sensitive H. eyebrow I. domesticated J. selection K. confident
Puppy Dog Eyes Are for the Benefits of Humans
Dogs make puppy dog eyes for the benefit of humans and rarely use the pleasing facialexpression when on their own, a new study has shown.It has long been assumed that animal facial expressions are involuntary and dependent onemotional state rather than a way to communicate.But scientists at the University’s Dog Cognition Centre at Portsmouth University have foundthat dogs mostly use facial expressions when humans are present, as a direct response to attention.Puppy dog eyes, in which the ① is raised to make the eyes appear wider and sadder, wasfound to be the most ② used expression in the study. Researchers do not know whether thedogs are aware they look sadder, or have just learned that widening
their eyes invites③ andaffection in humans.Dog cognition expert Dr Juliane Kaminski: “We can now be④ that the production offacial expressions made by dogs are dependent on the attention state of their audience and are notjust a result of dogs being excited.”“In our study they produced far more expressions when someone was watching, but seeingfood ⑤ did not have the same effect.”“The findings appear to support evidence dogs are⑥ to humans’ attention and thatexpressions are ⑦ active attempts to communicate, not simple emotional displays.” Theresearchers studied 24 dogs of various breeds, aged one to 12. All were family pets. Each dog wastied by a lead a metre away from a person, and the dogs’ faces were ⑧ throughout a rangeof exchanges, from the person being oriented towards the dog, to being distracted and with her bodyturned away from the dog.They found that when a human was not watching the animal, they
⑨ facial expressions.Dr Kaminski said it is possible that dogs’ expressions have evolved as they were⑩ .“Domestic dogs have a unique history –they have lived alongside humans for 30,000 years andduring that time selection pressures seem to have acted on dogs’ability to communicate with us, ”shesaid. 11
A. involuntary B. features C. suspect D. track E. peculiar F. signalsG. store H. permits I. unlock J. sustain K. scale The human face is a remarkable piece of work. The astonishing variety of facial ① helps people recognize each other and is crucial to the formation of complex societies. So is the face’s ability to send emotional ② , whether through a(n) ③ blush or a false smile. People spend much of their waking lives, in the office and the courtroom as well as the bar and the bedroom, reading faces, for signs of attraction, hostility and trust.
Technology is rapidly catching up with the human ability to read faces. In America facial recognition is used by churches to ④ worshippers’ attendance; in Britain, by retailers to spot past shoplifters. This year Welsh police used it to arrest a(n) ⑤ outside a football game. In China it verifies the identities of ride-hailing drivers, ⑥ tourists to enter attractions and lets people pay for things with a smile. Apple’s new iPhone is expected to use it to⑦ the homescreen.
Set against human skills, such applications might seem gradual. Some breakthroughs, such as flight or the Internet, obviously transform human abilities; facial recognition seems merely to encode them. Although faces
are⑧ to individuals, they are also public, so technology does not, at first sight, intrude on something that is private. And yet the ability to record,⑨ and analyze images of faces cheaply, quickly and on a vast⑩ promises one day to bring about fundamental changes to notions of privacy, fairness and trust. 12
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