跨文化交际教案chapter 4 interculture communication - 图文(2)

perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.（跨文化交际是指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人们之间进行的交际）

2. The term cross-cultural communication is typically used to refer to the study of a particular

idea or concept within many cultures. The goal of such investigations is to conduct a series of intercultural analysis in order to compare one culture to another on the attributes of interests.（跨文化交际通常是指在多种文化内对某一观点或概念进行的研究。此种研究是以兴趣为基础，其目的是通过跨文化分析进行文化间的比较。）

3. Interpersonal communication is a form of communication that involves a small number of

individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.（人际交际是指少数人之间的交往，他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息又能立即从对方那里获得解释。）

4. Intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of

the same culture. Generally, people who are of the same race, political persuasion, and religion or who share the same interests communicate intraculturally.（内文化交际是指同一文化内其成员之间的交际。总的来说，同一种族、政治倾向、宗教或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际就是内文化交际。）

5. International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than

individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. （国家间的交际是指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际。此种交际非常正式和仪式化）

6. Interethnic communication refers to communication between people of the same race but

different ethnic backgrounds.（跨民族交际是指同一种族不同民族背景的人们之间的交际） 7. Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages

are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics. （跨种族交际是指信息源和信息接收者来自不同的种族，这些种族具有不同的身体特征。）

8. Interregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the

dominant culture within a country. （跨地区交际是指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程。）

2. Additional Information:

1． Communication: the Process of Understanding and Sharing Meaning

The word communication is used in a variety of ways. Before we use the term any further, we should establish a common understanding of its definition. Communication comes from the Latin communicare, which means to make common. This original definition of the word is consistent with the definition of communication used in this text.

In this text, communication is defined as the process of understanding and sharing meaning. Communication is considered a process because it is an activity, exchange, of set of behaviors—not an unchanging, static product, in which we participate. David Berlo, a well-known communication figure, probably provides the clearest statement about communication as a process.

Berlo wrote: If we accept the concept of process, we view events and relationships as dynamic, ongoing, ever-changing, continuous. When we label something as a process, we also mean that it does not have a beginning, an end, a fixed sequence of events. It is not static, at rest. It is moving. The ingredients within a process interact, each affects all of the others.

What is an example of how a process operates in everyday communication? Picture two students passing on the sidewalk between classes and exchanging a few sentences. Did this very tiny communication episode really begin and end with their first and last word: Do we have to consider that both of them spoke to each other in English, that they must have had some prior encounter, or that they would not have stopped to exchange messages, If they have a common understanding of what was said, then they must share some experiences that shape their perceptions similarly. Didn’t their message go beyond the words to how they looked, if they smiled, and how much volume they use? Did the episode end with the last word and look or was it used to solidify their relationship: would their brief conversation be thought about later that day and the next, and did it lead to another meeting that night? Communication is a complicated process. It is variable, active, and dynamic. It starts long before the words begin to flow and can last long after the words stop.

Communication is a process that requires understanding. Your professor asks, what is the ontogeny of your misogeny? You hear the words, but you may not be able to understand or interpret them, An Asian student who has to struggle with English as a second language may have the same trouble with words that most Americans regard as easy to understand. Understanding, or grasping, the meaning of another person’s message does not occur unless the two communicators can elicit common meanings for words, phrases, and nonverbal codes. The importance of this kind of understanding was emphasized by humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers in his book On Becoming a Person., He wrote, I have found it of enormous value when I can permit myself to understand another person.

In addition to understanding, communication involves sharing. Consider the popular use of the word sharing. We share a meal, we share an event, we share a sunset. Sharing is a gift that people exchange. We can also share with ourselves when we allow ourselves time to relax and daydream, time to consider who we are and what our goals are. We share with others when we talk to them alone or in larger groups. Regardless of the context, communication involves sharing.

What exactly is understood and shared in the communication process? When you use language for expression, meaning is the shared understanding of your feelings. When you use language for pragmatic purposes, meaning is the appropriate response that indicates the message was understood. For example, you ask for a drink, and the other person gives you one. Meaning is the message you construct in your mind as you interpret the message sent.

An example of how meaning operates is the Rodney King incident in which people around the world saw an African American being beaten by Los Angeles police. The meaning of the videotaped event was whatever interpretation people developed in their own minds. Most people

perceived the incident as police power gone away. When the jury acquitted the police, many people interpreted the decision as a miscarriage of justice. Everyone who saw the videotapes of who read about the verdict constructed their own meaning, their own interpretation of the incident. The meaning attributed to the incident fashioned responses from agreement, to disbelief, to violence.

(Source: Judy Cornelia Pearson, Paul Edward Nelson. Understanding and Sharing An Introduction to Speech communication .Wm .C. Brown Communications, Inc.1994.5-8) Questions:

1．How do you understand the statement that communication is a process of understanding and sharing?

2．What is understood and shared in a successful interaction?

3．What must speakers share if they want to understand each other in a conversation? 4．What implications does this passage have on the study of intercultural communication?

2．Students can be divided into several groups to discuss the topic---what intercultural communication competence should a person have to be an effective intercultural communicator?

Good intercultural communicators have personality strength (strong sense of self and socially relaxed), communication skills (verbal and nonverbal), psychological adjustment (ability to adapt to new situations), and cultural awareness (understanding how people of different cultures think and act).These areas can be divided into eight different skills: self-awareness, self-respect, interaction, empathy, adaptability, certainty, initiative and acceptance.

4.3 Cross-cultural tips

4.3.1 Chinese Culture

The Ethical Principles of Confucianism

Confucianism had been regarded as an ethic-political system in ancient China. For more than two thousand years it has moulded and shaped the civilization of China and exerted a profound influence upon almost one fourth pf the human race.

Confucianism has left us a rich literary heritage known as the Four Books and Five Classics; The Great Learning (《大学》), The Mean (《中庸》), Analects 《论语》(), and Mencius (《孟子》); Book of Change（《易经》）, Book of History (《尚书》), Book of Odes (《诗经》), Book of Rites (《礼记》) and Spring and Autumn Annals(《春秋》) For six centuries (1313—1905) these four texts became the elementary requirements of Chinese education in the feudal society and served as the basis of the civil service examination (科举考试) by which scholars were selected for official posts at various levels of the government.

The ethical principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius offered the solution for the ills and evils of his day. That is the well-known Five Relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-and-younger brother, and friend-friend. The responsibilities ensuing from

these relationships are mutual and reciprocal. A minister owes loyalty to his ruler, and a child filial respect to his parent. But the ruler must care for his subjects, and the parent for the child. Just as Confucius said of the doctrine of reciprocity and neighborliness: \all men are brothers. \四海之内皆兄弟 ) \others to do to you. \己所不欲，勿施于人)

Confucius' central doctrine is that of the virtue of ren (仁). What is ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity, and human-heartedness. In short, ren means affection and love. \任者爱人) .Fan Chi asked about \ren\樊迟问任，子曰“爱人”)

The ethical thought of Confucius can be summed up as the following five cardinal virtues;

1. ren (仁), the will to show benevolence to others (the root) 2. yi (义), righteousness by justice (the trunk) 3. li ( 礼), moral ways of conduct (the branches) 4. zhi (智), wisdom (the flower) 5. xin (信), faithfulness (the fruit)

In my opinion Confucianism's greatest contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system of knowledge. Just as Dr. Sun Yat-sen said; \of loyalty (忠) and piety (孝), affection and love (仁爱), faithfulness and righteousness（信义）, are superior to those of the foreign countries, let alone that of peace and harmony (和平). These high standards of morals are our national spirit. \ （所以中国从前的忠孝、仁爱、信义种种就倒地，固然是驾乎外国人，说到和平的道德，更是驾乎外国人。这种特别好的道德，便是我们的民族精神。《孙中山选集》684页）

The complete system of knowledge is laid down in the book of Great Learning： The way of the Great Learning lies in illustrating virtue, rejuvenating the people, and reaching perfection. ... The ancients who wished to illustrate virtue throughout the world

would first govern well their own state. To govern their state well, they would first regulate their families. To regulate their families, they would first cultivate their own personality. To cultivate their personality they would rectify their minds. To rectify their minds, they would first strive to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing for sincerity in their thoughts, they would expand their knowledge. The expansion of knowledge lay in the investigation of things. (The Text of Confucius)

【原文】大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。??

古之君子欲明明德于天下者，先治其国。欲治其国者，先齐其家。欲齐其家者，先修其身。欲修其身者，先正其心。欲正其心者，先诚其意。欲诚其意者，先致其知。致知在格物。[《大学》·孔经] 【今译】最大的学问，在于弘扬道德，是人们革故鼎新，从而达到至善至美的理想境界。??古之君子要想发扬光大美德于天下，想要治理好自己的国家；要想治理好自己的国家；想要治理好自己的家庭；要想治理好自己的家庭，想要修养好自己的本身；要想修养好自己的本身，先端正自己的思想；要想端正自己的思想，想要使自己的意念诚实，先要获得知识。获得知识的目的，在于懂得事物的道理。

4.3.2 The Comparison of Western and Eastern Customs

中国和英语国家送礼习俗的差异

中国和英美等西方国家在什么场合，给什么人，送什么样的礼物上有差异，而且在送礼的方式上也有不同的习俗。

首先，西方人在赠送礼物时注重礼品的包装。买来或自制的礼物一般要用彩色礼品纸包起来，然后用彩带扎起，或用胶条封住。有的礼物虽然有包装盒，但送礼时还是要再包装一下。如果送一瓶酒作礼物，最好要酒瓶外面有包装纸的那一类。圣诞节时赠送给每个人的礼物可以放在一两个大盒子里，里面的小礼物可不必再包装。有时送礼，还要在礼物上加上个人标记，或缀上姓名首字母组成的交织图案。这样做的一个缺陷是，一旦物品标上了首字母就无法再退换。因此，在为贵重礼品标上姓名首字母之前，必须确定该礼品是受礼者需要或喜欢的东西，而且式样、颜色和尺寸都合适。如果送礼者确有把握，标上姓名首字母可以使许多礼物更加美观。当然，在受礼人接受了礼物之后再标上姓名首字母亦无不可。如果赠送标有首字母的手帕或其他礼物，对女人要用教名的首字母，对男人则用姓的首字母。关于礼品的包装和外观，有好长一段时间中国人不太重视。有时，中国的一些礼品是上乘的，但包装却不雅观，这无疑减轻了礼品的含义。这种状况正在发生变化。一些商店，尤其是礼品店，增加了包装服务，这为中国人送礼时重视礼物外观包装起到了促进作用。

客人赠送礼物时，主人应双手接受，握手，并感谢对方。英语国家的人们接受礼物后习惯于当面打开包装，欣赏一下礼品。有时送礼人还会对礼品作一些介绍或说明。在一个多人参加的聚会上，主人和客人还愿意一起欣赏大家带来的礼物和写的贺词，人们不注重礼物的轻重，但却注重赠礼者的一番心意。有人贺词写得幽默生动，常令听者捧腹，还有人专门收集这类贺卡或贺词。如果礼物是现金或支票，不要当众宣布钱的数目，受礼者说些适当的话并致谢意就可以了。

在一些场合送礼是不必要的，如果有个别人送了，主人可当着送礼人的面打开，但不要引起其他客人的注意，因为这样做会使没有带礼品的人感到难堪。

在英语国家，有时人们并不清楚在诸如圣诞节、生日庆典结婚典礼等场合送什么礼物好，于是便询问受礼者想要什么。遇到这种情况，如果受礼者知道对方的经济承受能力，可以明白提出自己想要的东西，否则，可以告诉对方一个大概的礼品范围，诸如厨房用品、装

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