大家论坛 www.topsage.com microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly
(20) nutritious food—meat and marrow-from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty about when human ancestors began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman
(25) primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.
1. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of hominid behavior? (A) Changes in eating and dietary practices (B) The creation of stone hunting tools (C) Social interactions at home bases
(D) Methods of extracting nutritious food from carcasses
2. According to the passage, bringing a meal to a location to be shared by many individuals is (A) an activity typical of nonhuman primates
(B) a common practice among animals that eat meat (C) an indication of social unity .
(D) a behavior that encourages better dietary habits
3. The word \(A) prepared (B) stored
(C) distributed (D) eaten
4. According to paragraph 2, researchers make copies of old stone tools in order to (A) protect the old tools from being worn out (B) display examples of the old tools in museums (C) test theories about how old tools were used
(D) learn how to improve the design of modern tools
5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of the following as examples of ways in which early stone tools were used EXCEPT to (A) build home bases (B) obtain food (C) make weapons (D) shape wood
6. The word \(A) good (B) new (C) simple
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大家论坛 www.topsage.com (D) costly
7. The word \(A) issues
(B) researchers (C) tools
(D) specimens
8. The author mentions \(A) decorations cut into wooden objects
(B) differences among tools made of various substances (C) impressions left on prehistoric animal bones (D) indications of wear on stone tools
9. The word \(A) identify (B) remove (C) destroy (D) compare
10. The word \ (A) if (B) how (C) why (D) when
Questions 11-20
In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the
fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were
Line often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was
(5) used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.
Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested the ends of a \
(10) from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from. (15) Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small,
secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of \of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its
网上学习 共创奇迹! 大家网络 topsage 12/21
大家论坛 www.topsage.com (20) walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.
Not ai! baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron \kettle,\which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more (25) embers piled on its lid.
11. Which of the following aspects of domestic life in colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Methods of baking bread (B) Fireplace cooking
(C) The use of iron kettles in a typical kitchen (D) The types of wood used in preparing meals
12. The author mentions the fireplaces built in the South to illustrate
(A) how the materials used were similar to the materials used in northeastern fireplaces (B) that they served diverse functions
(C) that they were usually larger than northeastern fireplaces (D) how they were safer than northeastern fireplaces
13. The word \(A) burned (B) cut
(C) enlarged (D)bent
14. The word \(A) the stonework
(B) the fireplace opening (C) the mantel tree
(D) the rising column of heat
15. According to the passage, how was food usually cooked in a pot in the seventeenth century? (A) By placing the pot directly into the fire (B) By putting the pot in the oven (C) By filling the pot with hot water
(D) By hanging the pot on a pole over the fire
16. The word \(A) maintain (B) reinforce (C) manufacture (D) acquire
17. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a wooden lug pole?
(A) It was made of wood not readily available. (B) It was difficult to move or rotate. (C) It occasionally broke.
网上学习 共创奇迹! 大家网络 topsage 13/21
大家论坛 www.topsage.com (D) It became too hot to touch.
18. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that, compared to other firewood, \(A) less smoke (B) more heat (C) fewer embers (D) lower flames
19. According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of a colonial oven EXCEPT: (A) It was used to heat the kitchen every day. (B) It was built as part of the main fireplace.
(C) The smoke it generated went out through the main chimney. (D) It was heated with maple sticks.
20. According to the passage, which of the following was an advantage of a \(A) It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace. (B) It did not need to be tightly closed.
(C) It could be used in addition to or instead of the oven. (D) It could be used to cook several foods at one time.
Questions 21-29
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects—an estimated 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for (5) communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total
(10) number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only
321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between
temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary (15) among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness
within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly \
comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation 网上学习 共创奇迹! 大家网络 topsage 14/21
大家论坛 www.topsage.com (20)phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical
decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that (25) by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
21. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Their physical characteristics (B) Their names
(C) Their adaptation to different habitats (D) Their variety
22. The word \(A) result
(B) explanation (C) analysis (D) requirement
23. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues because they
(A) are simple in structure
(B) are viewed positively by people (C) have been given scientific names (D) are found mainly in temperate climates
24. The word \ meaning to (A) physical (B) confusing (C) noticeable (D) successful
25. The word \(A) locate (B) allow (C) go beyond (D) come close to
26. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT
(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones (B) patterns of distribution of species in each region (C) migration among temperate and tropical zones
(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
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