英文写作手册(3)

两对引号之中，主语和说话的谓语动词被放在两部分中间，第一部分末尾加逗号，第二部分不以大写字母开头（除非第一个单词是专有名词），整句结尾加句点。⑷如果被放到主语和说话的谓语动词之前，引用句结尾加逗号，说话的谓语动词跟句点。⑸如果引用词是一个词组而不是一个完整句，词组被当作完整句的一部分。 Ⅳ. Handwriting 四、书写

There are two common ways of writing the letters: to form loops and to print(to write without joining the letters in imitation of printed words). Both are good, but we had better stick to one of the two styles.

有两种常见的书写字母方法：手写体和印刷体（模仿打印字，书写字母时笔画不连接）。两者都好，但我们最好坚持其中一种风格。

We should always try to write neatly so that our handwriting can be read easily. We should make capital letters bigger and higher than small letters, a’s different from o’s, n’s different from u’s, and we should not forget to dot i’s and j’s, or cross t’s. A little space(about that of one letter)should be left after a comma, and a slightly bigger space(about that of two letters)after a full stop.

我们总会力求书写整洁以便笔迹容易阅读。应该把大写字

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母写的比小写字母更大更高，a与o不同，n与u不同，不该忘记写i和 j的圆点，或让t十字交叉。逗号后应该留一个小空格（大约一个字母），句号后留更大一点的空格（大约两个字母）。

When we want to cross out a word, we should draw a thick line through it. It is be misleading to put it between brackets, because that means the word is an explanatory remark. When we want to add a word, we should write it above, not below, the line of words we have written with a clear sign showing where it is to be inserted.

当我们要划掉一个词，应该从头到尾画一条粗线。把它放到方括号中有误导之嫌，因为那意味着这个词是一个解释性的备注。当我们要补充一个词，应该写在一行之上，不是之下，已写好的这行字要加一个明确的符号表明那里被插入。

Part Two Diction

第二部分 措辞

Ⅰ. Types of Words 一、单词类型

There are tens of thousands of words in the English language, and along with social and scientific progress, new words appear frequently. The total number of English words, if it could be found

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out, must be surprisingly large. But we need not be worried about the impossibility of learning all of them, for only a few thousand words are used by ordinary people for ordinary purposes. These are the most useful words, or the common words, words that form the core of the English vocabulary. They are the words we must learn and remember.

英语语言中有数万个单词，随着社会和科学进步，新词汇频繁问世。如果都能被发现，英语词汇的总数一定是出人意料的庞大。但我们不必苦恼无法全部学会，就普通用途而言，普通人仅会用到几千词汇，这些用途最广或常见的词汇组成了英语词汇的核心，我们必须学会并牢记。

Apart from the common words, there are words used by people of special professions or fields on special occasions or for special purposes. Among these are political, legal, scientific, technical, business and literary words. It would be good for us to know some very useful words in various fields, and many of the words related to the field we will work in or be associated with. These words are generally formal, and may be called formal and technical words.

除常见词汇外，还有一些单词由特殊专业或领域的人在特定场合或为特殊目的而使用。其中包括政治、法律、科学、技术、商业和文学词汇。这将有益于我们了解一些很有用的不同

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领域的单词，其中很多都和我们将从事或关联的领域相关。这些词汇通常是正式的，可以称之为正式语和术语。

There is another type of words: those used by people who are not well educated or by people of special groups, such as people of a particular region or an age group. Some of these words may not be understandable to people in general, and may disappear after a short period of time. Some of them may continue to be used, become acceptable to all people and join the common words. Among these words are slang, jargon, dialectal and obsolete words. They may be called nonstandard words. We need to understand them but should avoid using them, unless in special situations.

另有一类词汇：那些没受过良好教育或特殊群体的人在使用，例如某个特定区域或年龄段的人。其中一些词汇可能对一般人来说不好理解，短期内就消失了。还有一些可能被继续使用，为大家所接受并纳入常用词汇。其中包括俚语，术语、方言和陈旧的词语，可以称之为不规范语。我们需要理解但应避免使用，除非在特殊情况下。

Here are examples of the first and second kinds of words: 如下是第一和第二种的例词：

same speech learned destroy stiff try piece identical oration erudite annihilate rigid endeavor fragment

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In the first row are common words and in the second formal words. It can be seen at a glance that those common words are used in everyday conversation and in informal writing like personal letters, diaries and stories. Those in the second row are used only in formal writing like articles documents, research papers, manuals and in public speaking.

第一行是常用词，第二行是正式词。那些一目了然的常用词被用于日常会话和非正式写作，如私人信函、日记和逸事。第二行那些词仅用于正式文献，如法规文件、研究论文、说明书和公共演讲。

The difference between these two types of words is very important, for their presence or absence has much to do with style,

区分这两类词汇很重要，使用与否更多是和风格有关。 Compare: 比较：

I saw a ghost, and I was frightened to death. 我看到一个幽灵，被吓得要死。

I saw an apparition, and it reduced me to a condition of mortal terror.

我看到一个幽灵，使我陷入极度恐慌的状态。

The first sentence is informal and colloquial, and the second is much more formal, because it contains such formal words as

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