现代西方哲学01

现代西方哲学思潮

The mordern western philosophy Lecturer: Li Xiaojin Ph.D from Sun Yat-sen university -School of Chinese of Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai

参 考 书 目

四种人类解释世界的方式 神话的方式：想象 宗教的方式：信仰 哲学的方式：理性 科学的方式：实验

罗素：哲学是某种介于科学与宗教之间的东西。

哲人名言 我不愿有一个装满东西的头脑，而宁愿 有一个思想开阔的头脑。(蒙田) 人是生而自由的，但却无往而不在枷锁 之中。自以为是其他一切的主人，反而 比其他一切更是奴隶。(卢梭)

导言：理性与非理性——人类历史上的永恒矛盾

辩论：理智与情感 正方：理智是情感的奴隶。 反方：情感是理智的奴隶。

Sense and Sensibility

Reason is a term that refers to the capacity human beings have to make sense of things, to establish and verify facts, and to change or justify practices, institutions and beliefs. It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as Philosophy, Science, language, mathematics and art, and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature. Reason or "reasoning" is associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect. Reason, like habit or intuition, is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea. For example, it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect, truth and falsehood, and what is good or bad. In contrast to reason as an abstract noun, a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event, phenomenon or behaviour. The ways in which human beings reason through argument are the subject of inquiries in the field of logic.

Reason

冷静 sober /calm冷静 意指面对任何事物能处变不惊，并且能在短时间内分析事物，

作出有效的判断或作深入的理解。它是人类的一种行为模式，在行 为智能方面属理性范畴。冷静的三种表现特征：

自律性高,凡事三思而后行 判断事物时,有固定立场,理智及坚定 能作批判性思考,利用不同角度分析事物

How to calm down?

The sleep of reason produces monsters

Irrationality Irrationality is cognition, thinking, talking or acting without inclusion of rationality. It is more specifically described as an action or opinion given through inadequate reasoning, emotional distress, or cognitive deficiency. The term is used, usually pejoratively, to describe thinking and actions that are, or appear to be, less useful or more illogical than other more rational alternatives. Irrational behaviors of individuals include taking offense or becoming angry about a situation that has not yet occurred, expressing emotions exaggeratedly (such as crying hysterically), maintaining unrealistic expectations, engaging

in irresponsible conduct such as problem intoxication, disorganization, or extravagance, and falling victim to confidence tricks. People with a mental illness like schizophrenia may exhibit irrational paranoia.

Women under Hysteria

Superstition 迷信

inspiration

Asceticism Asceticism describes a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from various sorts of worldly pleasures often with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals. Some forms of Christianity (see especially Monastic life) and the Indian religions (including yoga) teach salvation and liberation and involve a process of mind-body transformation effected by exercising restraint with respect to actions of body, speech, and mind. The founders and earliest practitioners of these religions (e.g. Buddhism, Jainism, the Christian desert fathers) lived extremely austere lifestyles, refraining from sensual pleasures and the accumulation of material wealth. This is to be understood not as an eschewal of the enjoyment of life, but a recognition that spiritual and religious goals are impeded by such indulgence.

佛教徒的“五戒”:不杀生、不偷盗、不邪淫、 不妄语、不饮酒。 伊斯兰教的禁欲：不能接触有关猪的产品，不 可以赌博、酗酒、嫖妓淫荡。 基督教的禁欲：以奥古斯丁的学说最为出名， 他尊崇理性，贬低情欲；又认为性欲会使人的 理性失去自主权；更认为性冲动反应代表着人 类犯罪，所以当有欲望时会感到羞愧。所以有 性欲是可耻的，是犯罪的。

第一章 唯意志论(叔本华)

the reason and non- reason

Rationalism and irrationalism Socrates、Plato、Aristotle、 Descartes 、Spinoza、Leibniz 、Kant、 Hegel Schopenhauer 、Nietzsche 、 Bergson 、Sartre 、Freud 、Foucault

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