3. namely =that is to say=that is 即, 就是, 换句话说
D.递进关系
1. furthermore=moreover= what’s more 而且
2. in addition= additionally=besides 此外
3. not only…but also 不但…而且…
4. also=too 也
E.条件关系
1. as long as …只要…就…
2. provided/providing (that…) 在…情况或条件下；假若，如果
3. even though=even if 即使…
4. on condition that 在…条件下
5. supposing (that) 假设，假定
6. otherwise=or 不然；否则
7. unless 除非 F.强调关系
1. above all 最重要, 尤其
2. anyway = in any case无论如何
3. in fact=as a matter of fact=actually 实际上
4. in particular=especially or specifically 尤其；特别
5. on no account 决不
6. obviously 显而易见地
7. no doubt无疑地
G.因果关系
1. accordingly相应地; 于是, 从而, 因此
2. as a result 因此
3. consequently 所以，因此
4. because (since, as, for)
5. due to=owing to=because of
6. hence 所以，因此
7. now that …既然…
8. therefore=so
9. thus 因此, 从而
H.转折关系
1. although 虽然
2. but, however, yet 但是；然而
3. nevertheless (尽管如此)还是, 然而, 不过
4. in contrast to …与…相对照；与…相反
5. on the contrary 与此相反
6. in spite of …尽管…
7. on the one hand…on the other hand
I.比较与对比关系
1. by contrast /on the contrary 相反地
2. compared to/with 与…相比较
3. differ from 与…不同
4. have…in common 与…有相同之处
5. in comparison with 与…相比较
6. in the same way/similarly/likewise 相似地
J.总结与归纳
1. in the short run 短期来看 in the long run 长期来看
2. above all 最重要的; 尤其
3. by and large 总的说来
4. all in all 总而言之
5.in a word 总而言之一句话
6. in brief 简而言之=in short
7. in conclusion （表示结论）最后
8. in summary 总的说来; 归纳起来 =to sum up K.发表个人观点
1. as far as …be concerned 就…而言
2. as for sb 关于；至于
3. as to …关于；至于
4. in one’s eyes/opinion 在…看来
5. it seems to sb that…在某人看来，似乎…
6. when it comes to…当谈到…的时候
L.引用他人观点
1. as it is known to all,…正如大家所知道的
2. as sb puts it, …正如（某人）所言
3. as the proverb goes,…正如（某谚语）所说
4. it is said/reported/predicted/believed that 据说/据报道/据预测/据信
5. some people hold/claim/think that…but others argue that…有人认为…但是另一些人认为…
M.图表说明
1. The figure of the graph/table shows that…图表的数据表明…
2. according to the figure/number/statistics 根据数据/统计数据…
3. in the table/chart, it can be seen that…由图表可知…
4. the figure indicates/shows/suggests/proves that…图标表明…
5. As shown in Table 1/Figure 1, there was a gradual/sudden rise/decline in…正如图一所示，…有缓慢/急剧的上升/下降。
6. from the two graphs, it may be inferred that…从这两个图表中，可以推断…
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