(BEO3378) International Economics and Finance 国际经济理论作(4)

1 Table 4: The top ten imports 243 Manufactures - Elaborately transformed - Engineering

products 2 244 Manufactures - Elaborately transformed - Other

3 113 Primary products - Unprocessed - Fuels

4 242 Manufactures - Elaborately transformed - Chemicals &

other semi-manufactures

5 123 Primary products - Processed - Fuels

6 121 Primary products - Processed - Food

7 232 Manufactures - Simply transformed - Chemicals &

other semi-manufactures

8 241 Manufactures - Elaborately transformed - Mineral

manufactures & metals

9 304 Other goods - Confidential trade

10 302 Other goods - Non-monetary gold Source: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade FY2014 (Sum of A$000) 100738955.85 36796720.47 22761136.58 21472357.31 20831400.54 12992873.30 10633791.79 5861437.04 5797682.92 4767299.94

Types of trade barriers in these key sectors

1. Tariff barriers

Tariff is executed by the custom and based on the cargoes imported and exported. Tariff

rates specified by the nation's highest administrative unit.

2. No-tariffbarriers

Database from UNCTAD Trade Analysis (2005) contains the most comprehensive information

of no-tariff barriers. It refines them in six aspects.

Quantity control methods (quota)

Price control methods

Finance methods

Automatic licensing methods

Monopolistic methods

Technical methods

As for primary products,fuels and food are the two in the top ten import. They are regulated

by tariff, price control method, quota, technical methods. For example, when importing vegetable,

there can be tariff imposed, an import amount that must obey, a price that must higher than and

the origin rules and quarantine rules such as stifling and no parasite that must obey.

As for Manufactures, engineering products, chemicals and mineral manufacturesare the

three in the top ten import, and they are often regulated by finance methods, quota, automatic

licensing methods and technical methods. For instance, when importing manufactures, you may

not get the loan from bank, or be constrained by the quota, or do not have license for import, or

the manufactures do not match the technical requirement.

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