1.Phonetics语言学：It studies how speech sounds are
produced,transmitted,and perceived.研究语音的发生、传递和感知 2. Articulatory phonetics发音语言学: the study of production of speechsounds.研究语言的发生
3.Acoustic phonetics声学语言学：is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.研究语音的物质特征
4.Perceptual or Auditory phonetics感知语音学或听觉语音学：is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.研究语音的感知 5.Phonology音系学is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.研究各种语言的语音模式和语音系统
6. IPA国际音标表: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet 7.Diacritics变音符:are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.是与元音或辅音符号结合使用的一些附加符号或记号，用于表示元音或辅音在发音上的微小变化
8.Consonant辅音: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.声道紧闭，或声道变窄的程度达到无法
9. Vowl元音:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.气流可以相对不受阻碍的从口腔或鼻腔中排出
排出，一旦排出就会产生可闻的摩擦，这样发生的音叫辅音
10. Coarticulation协同发音: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and
perseverative coarticulation当涉及到同时或重合的发音时，这类过程称为协同发音，它分为先期协同发音和后滞协同发音
11. Broad and narrow transcription宽式转写与严式转写: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.用简单的符号进行语音转写称为宽式转写，用复杂的符号进行转写称为严式转写 12.Phoneme音位: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.明显的语音对立单位
13.Allophone音位变体:any of the different forms of a phoneme音位的变化形式(eg.
14.Manner of articulation发音方式： in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.完成发音过程的方法
15.Place of articulation发音部位: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is
approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.辅音的发音部位 16.Distinctive features区别特征: a term of phonology,i.e.a property
which distinguishes one phoneme from another.用来区分音位的音系学术语
17.Complementary distribution互补分布: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.两个音位变体不出现在相同环境中，它们处于互补分布状态
18.Suprasegmental features超音段特征:suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features
aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation.语言问题中涉及超出单音音段以上的方面，主要有音节、重音、声调和语调
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