水利水电工程专业英语 - 水电站与水轮机篇 - 图文(3)

降的压力梯度位于输水管放置的高度之上。

6. Layout of Hydroelectric Power Stations 6. 水电站的布置

As has been stated earlier in Section I the important parts of a hydro power station are the unit bays housing the main turbine and generator, control bay housing the main control and other electrical equipment; and the service or erection bay provided for the handling, erection and maintenance of the main machines. Classification of the power station as defined below concerns the unit bays which mainly govern the design of a power station.

正如在第I部分所述，水电站的重要部分是布置主水轮机和发电机的主机厅、容纳主控和其它电气设备的控制室，以及用于处理、安装和维护主要机械的装配间或安装间。下文中电站分类与控制电站设计的主机厅有关。

Depending upon the location of a hydro power station it may be broadly classified as a surface or underground power station. As the name implies underground power station is one which is built underground. Since a cavity has to be excavated inside earth’s surface the rock where this power station is built must of necessity be very sound.

根据水电站的位置，它可以被大致地分为地面式或地下式厂房。如名字所示地下式厂房被建于地下。由于须要在地表内挖掘洞室，修建电站的岩石必须是完整的。

A surface power station is one which is founded on earth’s surface and its superstructure is resting on the foundation member of the power station itself without taking any lateral support. This chapter deals mainly with surface power station. However, where the conditions are common to both type it has been so indicated. A surface power station can be further subdivided according to the subgrade, superstructure and water passage.

地面式厂房建立在地表之上，其上部结构建在电站本身的基础构件上，并且不须要任何侧向支护。本篇主要解决地面式电厂。然而，与两种类型条件相同的情况表述如下。地面式厂房可以进一步细分为基础、上部结构和水道。

According to the subgrade a power station may be classified in two groups, viz: one resting on soil and the other resting on rock. The type of subgrade available would change only the design and layout of the substructure (defined later on). Thus while for rocky subgrade the bottom slab of the draft tube may be kept separate from the pier and the sidewalls, for soil foundations this has to be monolithic in order to distribute the superimposed loads. The design and layout of the intermediate and super-structures, however, does not change.

根据地基，厂房可以分为两类，即：一种位于土基，另一种位于岩石上。可用的地基类型仅改变上部结构的设计和布置（后面描述）。因此，尽管对于岩石基础而言，尾水管的底板可能会与闸墩和边墙分开，对于土基为了分散叠加负荷它要是整体的。然而，中间和上层结构的设计和布置并不会改变。

According to super-structures, a hydro power station may be classified into three groups or types, viz: (1) outdoor type, (2) semi-out-door type, and (3) indoor type.

根据上层结构，水电站可以被分为三组或类，即：（1）室外型，（2）半室内型，以及（3）室内型。

Outdoor station are those in which generators, exciters, etc are provided with local steel

housings for weather protection but are otherwise fully exposed above the intermediate structure.

室外型厂房的发电机、励磁机等为免受天气影响而用不锈钢外壳保护，但是它们完全暴露在中间结构上。

The semi-outdoor type has a low roof or deck immediately over the generators. The access to machines is through the hatch removable covers being provided over the machines.

半室外型在发电机之上立刻安置了低矮的屋顶或甲板。可以通过在机械上提供的舱口可拆卸的盖子到达机械。

The indoor type of power station has the conventional superstructure and is suitable for rough climate as is found in most parts of India.

室内型电厂具有传统的上部结构且可适应恶劣的气候，在印度大部分得以应用。

Obviously the type of the power station as classified above will affect the design of the superstructure.

很明显以上的电站类型的分类将影响上部结构的设计。

A hydro power station can also be classified according to the type of water passage provided. In the first type the intake may be connected to the powerhouse so that the forebay may be taken as a part of the power station. In the second case the power station is separate from the intake and the water is fed through penstocks. This differentiation involves only the difference in the stability of the main power station building.

水电站也可以根据提供的水道进行分类。在第一种类型中，取水口可能连接到厂房，所以前池可以被视作电厂的一部分。在第二种情况中，电厂与取水口分离，水通过压力管道提供。这个差别仅涉及到主厂房建筑的稳定性差异。

7. Underground Power Houses 7. 地下电站厂房

Underground powerhouses may be used for both dam-based and diversion hydropower projects. In the last 20 or 25 years, this type of powerhouse has become increasingly popular owing to mechanization and novel techniques in rock blasting and mining engineering. Today, about 500 underground plants are generating power all over the world. The largest projects are the Churchill Falls Hydro (N=5225MW, Hd=312m) on the river Churchill in Canada, the Gordon-Shram Hydro(N=2116MW, Hd=152m) on the Peace River (also in Canada), and the Cabora Basa Hydro (N=2040MW, Hd=180m) on the Zambezi in Mozabique. In the Sovient Union, too, some hydro plants have their powerhourse built underground.

地下厂房可以用于坝式和引水式电站。在过去的20或25年内，由于机械化和岩石爆破和采矿工程新技术，这种类型的厂房已成为越来越受欢迎。如今，全世界大约有500个地下厂房在发电。最大的工程是澳大利亚邱吉尔河的邱吉尔瀑布水电站（N=5225MW, Hd=312m），和平河（也在加拿大）上的戈登·施拉姆水电站（N=2116MW, Hd=152m），以及莫桑比克赞比西河上的卡布巴萨水电站（N=2040MW, Hd=180m）。在（前）苏联，也有一些修建于地下的水电厂房。

In spite of the fact that the high cost of underground erection work still deters this type of structure from being used on a larger scale, underground powerhouses offer quite a number of

advantages over conventional designs. In particular, owing to the considerable load-bearing capacity of the rock, they require nearly half as much concrete. As far as the ease of construction and maintenance is concerned, they look very attractive under severe climatic conditions or in the mountains where they are rather easy to protect against avalanches and mud torrents. When used for a diversion project, an underground powerhouse can readily be located at the most convenient point along the diversion conduit. On the other hand, underground powerhouses need expensive ventilation facilities and are rather difficult of access as regards supply of equipment and delivery of power.

尽管地下安装工作的高成本仍然阻碍这种类型的结构在更大的规模的使用，但是地下式厂房提供了很多相比传统设计上的优势。特别是，由于岩石的相当大的承载能力，它们需要一半的混凝土。至于考虑到建设和维护的难易，它们在严峻的气候条件或在比较容易防范雪崩和山洪泥山的地区是很有吸引力的。当用于导流工程时，地下厂房可以很容易地布置在沿导流管的最合适的点处。另一方面，地下厂房需要昂贵的通风设施且很难抵达供电设备和电力输送处。

The cost of an underground power house is independent of the runner setting with respect to the tailwater level—a feature unparalleled in any other type of power house. Accordingly, the draft tubes which generally have a high cone, a long outlet portion, and a sharply bent elbow of circular cross section may be made narrower than usual. As compared with conventional draft tube constructions (which, incidentally, are used nearly as frequently), these look more attractive, since they weaken the surrounding rock to a lesser extent and make for a shorter powerhouse. When a powerhouse is erected in solid rock, its roof and walls may do without a concrete lining. The cost of the powerhouse as a whole can appreciably be cut down by reducing the width of the generator room.

地下式厂房的造价同与尾水位密切相关的安装高程没有直接关系，这个特点是其它类型的厂房所无法比拟的。相应地，通常具有一个高锥体、一个长出口部分和急剧弯曲肘的圆形横截面的尾水管可能会制作的比通常的狭窄。相比于传统的尾水管建筑（很频繁地应用），这些看起来更有吸引力，因为它们在较小的程度削弱了围岩，并作为更短的厂房。当在坚固的岩石中修建厂房，它的顶和墙壁可能不需要混凝土衬砌。通过减少机房的宽度，厂房的成本作为整体可以明显减少。

One of the basic factors affecting the layout of an underground power plant is the location of transformers. As a rule, the transformers are installed on the day surface, the current to them being conveyed at generator voltage. Where the depth of the powerhouse exceeds 200 m, an apparently better plan is to erect the transformers directly in the generator room which is made wider for the purpose. As an alternative, they may be placed in pockets adjoining the generator room or in an isolated gallery. With any one of the above three approaches the current is conveyed to the surface via power cables.

影响地下式电厂布置的一个主要因素是变压器的布置。一般来讲，变压器是露天安装的，电流以发电电压传送到它们。当厂房的深度超过200米时，一个更好的方案是直接在主机间安装变压器，主机间因此要修得更宽。作为备选方案，它们可以放置在与机房相邻的空洞内，或在一个独立的廊道中。以上述三种的任一方法，电流都通过电力电缆传输到地表。

If they are necessary, turbine shutoff valves can be placed directly in the generator room. Most frequently, however, they are installed in an individual gallery. Draft-tube service gates and their mechanisms are likewise located in isolated galleries.

如果有需要，水轮机进水阀可以直接安装在主机房内。然而，它们更常被安置在一个

独立的长廊内。尾水管设施闸门及其机械同样地位于独立的长廊内。

The erection site can be reached via an approach tunnel whose grade may not exceed 1:7. If, for some reason, such a tunnel cannot be built, its function may be served by a delivery shaft having a cargo transfer crane installed on the day surface. In addition, the powerhouse should be equipped with a system of shafts or tunnels for attending personnel, electric services, and ventilation. Also, it must have appropriate emergency exits.

安装位置可以通过一个交通洞到达，其坡度不能超过1:7。如果由于某些原因，不能修建该隧洞，那么它的功能可以通过一个拥有表面安装的运货吊车的运输井实现。此外，厂房应该为入场人员、电力服务和通风提供竖井或隧洞系统。同时，它也必须有合适的紧急出口。

8. Power Houses of Pumped-Storage Plants 8. 抽水蓄能电站厂房

Powerhouses for pumped-storage hydro plants are designed and proportioned in much the same way as those for conventional hydropower facilities. Here, too, the size and shape of the substructure depend on the size of the water passageways through the turbines and the setting of the runners with respect to tail water level. Similarly, the size of the generator room is governed by erection conditions. On the other hand, the powerhouse layout has quite a number of distinctive features which owe their existence chiefly to the power-generating equipment used. For example, power houses equipped with individual turbines and pumps have a very complex substructure which has to give enough room to water passageway through both the turbines and the pumps. Powerhouses using reversible pump turbines have passageways similar to those employed by conventional hydro plants, but the turbine runners have to be set well below the tail water level.

抽水蓄能电站厂房的设计和比例与传统水电设施大致相同。在这里，下部结构的尺寸和形状取决于通过水轮机的流道和相对于尾水位的转轮的设置。类似地，机房的尺寸收到安装条件的约束。另一方面，由于抽水蓄能电站采用了电动发电设备，其厂房布置有许多显著的特点。比如，配备独立水轮机和水泵的厂房有着非常复杂的下部结构，结构中必须为通过水轮机和水泵的流道安排足够的空间。使用可逆式水泵-水轮机的泵房的流道与那些传统水电厂房使用的相类似，但是水轮机转轮必须被很好地安装在尾水位以下。

Pumped-storage powerhouses may constitute a single entity with the headworks or be built as isolated structures.

抽水蓄能厂房可能与进水建筑物构成一个单一的实体，或者被建设为独立的建筑物。 The Konstantinovka Development now under construction on the river Yuzhny Bug in the Ukraine is a combination of a conventional hydro and a pumped-storage power facility. It has a powerhouse integrated with an overflow spillway. Here, the power-generating units and the generator room proper are very deeply set with respect to the tail water level, and the two-way draft tubes are sharply bent at the elbow. The plant will have eight diagonal-flow reversible pump/turbines (D1=7m) teamed up with generator/motors. The estimated power output amounts to 384 MW at Hd=27m ( the maximum head on the turbines being 46.8m).

现在在尤日内·博格河上在建的康斯坦丁诺夫卡开发项目，是传统水电和抽水蓄能设施的组合。它有一个与溢洪道为一体的厂房。这里，发电机组和发电机房按照尾水位被安装

的很深，且双向的引流管在肘部结构处剧烈地弯曲。该厂房将有八个斜流式可逆式水泵/水轮机（D1=7m），配有发电机/电动机。当水头Hd=27m（水轮机最大水头为46.8m）时，预计输出功率达到384 MW。

An example of the isolated structure is the powerhouse of the Zagorsk pumped-storage plant now under construction to the northeast of Moscow. The plant’s six reversible pump/turbines (D1=6.3m) will generate a total of 1200MW of power at Hd=100m. Because of the deeply set turbine runners, the floor of the generator room had to be placed 18 m below ground level. The two-way draft tubes have smoothly curved elbows. Their outlet openings are covered by trashracks. Whether or not the trashracks are necessary is decided by the amount of floating rubbish in the lower pool.

独立结构的例子是在莫斯科东北部在建的扎戈尔斯克抽水蓄能电站厂房。该厂房的六组可逆式水泵/水轮机（D1=6.3m）将在Hd=100m的水头下发出总计1200MW的电力。由于设置很深的水轮机转轮，发电机房的地面不得不设置在地表以下18米。该双向引水管有着剧烈弯曲的肘状结构。其出水口由拦污栅覆盖。拦污栅设置的必要性取决于下库的漂浮垃圾。

If a pumped-storage plant is built in the narrow valley of a minor watercourse, the usual linear arrangement of the power-generating units may create unfavourable hydraulic conditions in the lower pool. A way out is to use a double-row arrangement or to install the units along an arc of suitable radius.

如果抽水蓄能厂房建设在次要水道的峡谷上，那么发电机组的通常的直线排列可能在下库中产生不良的水力条件。一个解决方法是用双排列或沿着一个合适的半径的圆弧安装机组。

Since the runners are located rather deeply, a good plan is to use power houses of the underground or semiunderground type, which differ little (if at all) from those of conventional hydro plants, provided they are equipped with reversible pump/turbines and generator/motors. 因为转轮的位置很低，因此最佳的设计方案就是采用地下式或半地下式厂房。这样，如果采用可逆式水泵-水轮机和发电机-电动机，厂房布置与常规水电站的差别（如有差别）就不大。

9. Type of Hydraulic Turbine 9. 水轮机类型

As water passes through a hydropower plant, its energy is converted into electrical energy by a prime mover known as a hydraulic turbine or water wheel. The turbine has vanes, blades, or buckets that rotate about an axis by the action of the water. The rotation part of the turbine or water wheel is often referred to as the runner. Rotary action of the turbine in turn drives an electrical generator that produces electrical energy or could drive other rotating machinery.

当水流通过水电站时，其能量被一个称为水轮机的原动机转换成电能。水轮机有叶片或斗叶通过水流的作用围着一个轴旋转。水轮机的旋转部分或水轮机通常是指转轮。水轮机的旋转动作反过来驱动一个发电机产生电能或能够驱动其它的转动机械。

Hydraulic turbines are machines that develop torque from the dynamic and pressure action of water. They can be grouped into two types. One type is an impulse turbine, which utilizes the kinetic energy of a high-velocity jet of water to transform the water energy into mechanical

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