4.3 监测水肿升高和评价预后
脑水肿的严重程度与病人预后有密切的联系。开颅手术后多种因素相互作用可导致周围脑组织继发性脑水肿。脑组织直接损伤和术中牵引脑组织可引起脑水肿。术后并发症如出血和血肿可引起出血性脑水肿。术后脑缺血可引起缺血性脑水肿,术后脑积水可引起脑积水性脑水肿。术后感染可引起感染性脑水肿等[17].对开颅术后的病人行无创脑水肿动态监测,能较全面地反映术后病人病情变化,及时观察病人脑水肿严重程度,对扰动系数高的予以早期干预,甘露醇脱水治疗;对扰动系数变化不明显的予以临时脱水或暂不处理,观察到病人预后明显比未使用无创脑水肿监测者好[18,19].脑水肿、血肿可增加脑容量,干扰微循环,增加颅内压,加重脑损伤,正确、及时地评价脑水肿升高程度与许多危重病人的预后有关,也是危重病人积极治疗成败的关键。应用无创颅内压监测对脑水肿程度进行持续监测可评价病人的治疗效果及预后和转归[20].
4.4 对颅内压的报警
有创颅内压监测为在脑室或硬膜外放置探头,极易导致颅内感染、脑脊液漏、导管堵塞、颅内出血等严重并发症。目前,常用的测压技术为腰椎穿刺术,可大致估测出颅内压,且操作简便。无创脑水肿动态监护仪通过一系列算法,应用扰动系数这一确定值来计算出当前颅内压,为治疗提供依据。无创颅内压监测可灵敏地测量颅内压,且测量数值与腰椎穿刺术测得的压力相差约10mmH2O.通过此仪器,可随时观察颅内压,当其异常升高时,及时予以脱水处理或行紧急手术治疗,从而挽救病人生命,提高临床治愈率。
4.5 手术指征的判断
对符合手术指征的脑出血病人行手术治疗的预后效果明显优于保守治疗。对于脑出血病人,及时清除颅内血肿是治疗的关键,有利于减轻血肿对周边脑组织的机械压迫,有利于减轻周边脑水肿反应。血肿周围水肿与病人功能预后及长期病死率具有一定相关性,及早手术治疗为成功的关键[21].目前,脑出血手术指征主要为临床症状及影像学CT表现,均有一定的滞后性。无创脑水肿动态监护仪可早期发现扰动系数急剧升高,颅内压也相应升高,此时行手术治疗,可有效解除血肿压迫,术后复查CT也证实确实有手术指征,从而及时挽救病人生命,提高预后效果。
综上所述,无创脑水肿动态监护仪是根据"生物电磁场"理论与"异物扰动"原理,以及"电阻抗断层成像"技术来监测脑组织含水量的动态改变。利用电磁场检测参数数据,转换为扰动系数、水肿量及颅内压,主要优势在于它是一种功能性检测,无创、不受电离辐射、简便、便宜、连续、动态、床边即可检查,且可操作性强,持续性好、可重复性好,便于动态观察,也决定它在临床应用中的广泛前景。
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