正面着笔与反面着笔
人们叙述事物,表达思想,有正说,有反说,有肯定,有否定。翻译时,常用的方法是以肯定译肯定、否定译否定,即正面着笔。 a)天下有一知己,可以死而无憾。
One dies without regret if there is one in the whole world who is his “bosom friend” or one who “knows his heart.”
b)她面孔不算难看,有一般人所称的妩媚。
Her face wasn't a bad one,it had what they called charm.
c)武装反抗表明至少有少数人不准备屈从于外国的统治。
Armed resistance showed that a minority at least was not prepared to be subject to foreign rule.
d)不流汗水,便不能成功。
No one can succeed without perspiration.
反面着笔.指以肯定译否定,以否定译肯定岫于汉英表达习惯有别,翻译时不可能全是正面着笔,有时,只有从反面着笔,才能准确传达原文之意。本章将重点介绍一下反面着笔的翻译方式。
第一节 以肯定译否定
一,汉英表达习惯的差异
1.由于语言习惯的不同,汉语中常用否定形式的地方,而英语却只有肯定形式。如汉语习惯说“在?投有?以前”,而英语before从句中不可用否定形式。如: a)在你尚未想好之前,不要下结论。
Don't draw a conclusion before you think it over.
b)他在没有被委派这个职位以前是个文书。
Before he was appointed to the post, he was a clerk.
汉语中的“还没来得及?”英译时,常采用be/or one could?的结构。
c)我还没来得及插话,他已经给我量好了尺寸,下命做早服、晚服、衬衫等等。
Before I could get in a word, he had measured me and was giving orders for morning suits,evening suits,shirts and all sorts of things.
再如,汉语表“懊悔”时,常用“悔不该”表达,而英语not regret,作“不后悔”解,regret not表“后悔没有?”,和汉语的\悔不该\意思不符。
d)我悔不该告诉她实情,弄得她如此丧心。
I regret having told her the truth,making her so upset.
2,汉英对否定疑问的回答,对前半部分否定的反意疑问的回答,以及对话中后者对前者否定陈述所做的回复,在表述方式上习惯也不大相同。试看下列各例: a) 你在舞会上玩得不痛快吧?这么不高兴。 不,很痛快。只是我的项链不见了。
--Didn't you have a good time at the ball? You look so sad. --Yes,a very good time.It's only that I got my necklace lost.
b)--你没有报名参加考试,是吗?
--不,我已经报上名了。
--You haven't signed up for the exam.have you? --Yes,I have
e)--我想我不认识你。
--啊是的,你不会的。但十年前你我挺熟的。 --I don't think I know you
No,you wouldn't.But ten years ago you knew me well.
d)你和这事毫无关系,是吗? 是的,一点关系也没有。
You have nothing to do with it,have you? No,nothing at all
可以看出,此类答语中,汉语的否定译作英语的肯定,反之亦然。因汉语的“是/否”以前面的陈述是否符合事实为准,而英语则根据事件本身表述形式的正反确定yes/no的使用。
3 搭配习惯的差异同样会导致正说与反说的对应。以一招贴用语为例。汉语习惯于说“油漆未干”,而英语却说“wet paint”。
二、双重否定的翻译
双重否定是肯定的强化表达方式,英译时可照译为双重否定,亦可译作肯定形式。如; a)他无孔不入,干尽坏事。
He seized every opportunity to do all kinds of evils.
b)邻里之间没有一人不认识他的,不管是男的还是女的,老人或是孩子。
Everyone in the neighborhood knows him,whether old or young, man or woman.
c)这对你我也不无裨益。
This will be of some help to us.
三、借助英语特有的词汇,句法翻译
1.利用英语中含有否定意义的动词翻译.以求表达更加确切。如; a)他未能参加这次聚会,很令我们失望。
To our disappointment, he failed to attend this reunion.
b)他一时说不出话来。
His words failed him for the moment.
fail暗含try to without success之意,即“他试图参加,但情况所迫未能如愿”。由于某种原因.想说而说不出来”。若采甩“didn't attend”,“He couldn't say?”的否定式翻译,则只是事实的陈述,所蓄含之意则表达不出。这类动词常用的有lack,exclude,refuse,neglect,deny,overlook,withhold,miss,refrain,forbid,count out等。
2.汉语否定英译时可借助含否定意味的名词,如ignorance,failure,absence,refusal,exclusion,neglect等。如: a)他犯法皆缘于不懂法律。
His ignorance of law led to crime.
b)我不在时,请帮我看房子。
Please look after my house during my absence.
c)这孩子一直无人照管。
The child has been in a state of neglect.
3.表示选择关系的否定,如“宁愿?也不”等,翻译时常采用下列结构:prefer?to,would rather?than,prefer?rather than,would sooner?than,better?than。如: a)他喜欢沉默而不喜欢说话。 I prefer silence to speech.
b)士兵们宁死不降。
The soldiers would rather/sooner die than surrender.
c)与其同这种女人结婚,还不如独身。
Better live a single life than marry such a women. 4.表“由于?原因而没能?”之意的句子英译时可利用prevent,stop,hold?back,discourage,keep等从反面着笔。如:
a)由于气候恶劣,我们无法动身。
Bad weather prevented us from starting.
b)他的一番话使得我再也鼓不起再次尝试的勇气。 What he said discouraged me from having another try.
c)这阻止了他不去干最坏的事情。
This held him back from committing his worst.
与此同类的还有protect,preserve:
b)必须采取措施,保护环境不受污染。
Something must be done to preserve the environment from pollution.
e)请放心,有我可保你不受任何伤害。
Take it easy.I can protect you from any harm.
这里虽表否定之意,但from之后不可使用否定词not。否则.则违背了英语的表达习惯。
5.英语中有相当一部分介词短语含有否定含义,可用来翻译汉语的否定句。这类介词常用的有beyond,above,against, except,but,past,instead of,in place of,out of.but for,far from等。
a)若没有你的帮助,我们是不能按时完成任务的。
But for your help,we wouldn't have accomplished the assignment on schedule.
b)他没受惩罚反而得到嘉奖。
He was cited instead of being punished.
c)由于一味关注眼前,他从不去考虑未来。
Obsessed with the present,he is beyond thinking of the future.
d)她的表现很不令人满意。
Her performance is far from being satisfactory.
6利用不定式结构翻译
英语中too?to?结构和比较级+than to结构虽为主动形式,其不定式却表否定之意。如:
a)消息太好,恐不可靠。
The news is too good to be true
b)咖啡太烫我不能喝。
This coffee is too hot for me to drink
c)我不至于蠢到竟相信这件事。 I am wiser than to believe that.
7利用“the last+不定式”或。the last+从句”翻译。
此结构中的last为the least likely之意,是否定地加以推论的表达方式,常可用来翻译“最不大可能的,最不适的,决不之义。如: a)他决不是受贿赂之人。
He is the last man to accept a bribe.
b)我最不愿意看到这样的事情发生。 This is the last thing I wish to see.
c)那是一种最不可能预期到的东西。 That is the last thing one would expect. 四、注意一些习语的英译方式
汉语中有一些习惯用语在英语中很容易找到相应的表达方式,平时注意积累,可给翻译带来很多便利。例如,
心不在焉 absent minded 无忧无虑 free from care 无所事事 idle away 不容置疑 beyond doubt 不知所措 be at a loss 经不住 be subject to 不得不 have to 不谋而合 coincide
五、注意英汉口语中一些常用的对应表达方式 a)说什么我也不去。 I'll be damned if I go.
b)谅你不敢再这么干。 Do that again if you dare.
c)我决不干那样的事。 Catch me doing that.
d)我才不!
I'll be damned if I will!
第二节 以否定译肯定
对肯定句的翻译一般采用正面着笔的方式,译作肯定形式。但为了获得较好的修饰效果,亦可从反面着笔,以否定译文。有时因表达习惯不同,汉英译时亦有反面着笔之情况。
一、从修饰角度着手,正说反译
用反面的否定词来表示间接肯定.借以增添种种感情色彩,此种修饰方式,汉语有之,英语亦有之。翻译时以正面着笔者较多。如 a)此人决不是傻瓜。 The man is no fool.
但这种曲言法亦可用来翻译英语的肯定句子,使语气增强。如:
b)把整个国家的能量调动起来,对来自世界各地的访问者表现出一致的好客和友善,这是了不起的事。
I was no small feat to harness the energies of an entire nation for a united show of hospitality and goodwill for visitors around the world.
c)党的十四大充分表明党兴旺发达,后继有人。
The 14th Party congress fully demonstrates that our Party is flourishing and has no lack of successors.
为使语气显得委婉,亦可用否定翻译肯定。如: a)她也还算标致。
She is not bad looking.
h)今天感觉怎么样?——还好。
How are you feeling today?——Not so bad.
c)这种情况倒也常见。 This isn't unusual.
二、常见英译表达方式
1.利用双重否定翻译汉语肯定句 a)我们每次开会势必谈论外语教学。
We never meet without talking about foreign language teaching.
b)有乐必有苦。
No pleasure without pain.
c)他们每次见面必吵架。
They never meet without quarrelling.
双重否定用以表示肯定,语气强而有力。英语这种“否定+without”结构,与汉语中“每?必”之类强语式相近,常可对译。
其它一些肯定句式,有时亦可用双重否定翻译。如: a)她缺席会议是有原因的。
Her absence from the meeting is not without excuse.
b)凡是你吩咐的事情我都已经做了。
There is nothing that you assigned that I have not done.
c)这本书中无论哪一章里,都有其两个作者的痕迹。
There is scarcely a chapter in this book that does not bear the remarks of the two writers.
2 利用“not?enough”,“not?too”等结构 汉语中程度状语,如“万分” “完全”“特别”,“极度”等,有时从反面着笔.以。否定
百度搜索“77cn”或“免费范文网”即可找到本站免费阅读全部范文。收藏本站方便下次阅读,免费范文网,提供经典小说综合文库笔译自学汉译英(2)在线全文阅读。
相关推荐: