第二讲 代词和介词(短语)
◆ Part Ⅰ 真题变式体验
1．[2017·天津高考]When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be________ trees that are over 1,000 years old.
答案：among be among “处于……之中”， 符合语境。句意： 当你开车穿过加州的红木森林时， 你将会置身于树龄超过1,000年的古树中。
2．[2017·北京高考]Many people who live along the coast make a living________fishing industry.
答案：in 此处用介词in, 意为“在……方面”。make a living in fishing industry “在渔业方面谋生”。
3．[2017·江苏高考]Determining where we are in relation ________ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.
答案：to in relation to “关于，涉及”。句意：确定我们所处的与周围环境相关的位置仍然是我们的一种基本的生存技能。
4．[2016·浙江高考]That young man is honest, cooperative, always there when you need his help. ________ short, he's reliable.
答案：In 固定搭配in short “简言之”。
5．[2016·浙江高考]The study suggests that the cultures we grow up ________ influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.
答案：in “we grow up ________”为省略了关系代词which/that的定语从句，修饰先行词the cultures，将先行词代入定语从句后为：we grow up in the cultures，故设空处填介词in。
6．[2015·福建高考]The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but________ contained any useful suggestions.
答案：neither 此处应填代词作主语。根据题干中的two reports和but可知，此处表示“两个中的任何一个都不”，所以填neither。
7．[2015·陕西高考]The little pupil took his grandma________ the arm and walked her across the street.
答案：by take sb. by the arm “抓住某人的胳膊”。
8．[2015·重庆高考]The meeting will be held in September, but ________ knows the date for sure.
答案：nobody 根据结构可知，此处缺主语，结合语义及but, for sure两个关键信息可以确定答案是nobody。
9．[2016·浙江高考]In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ________ in the UK.
答案：that 首先可以将原句理解为：In many ways, the education system in the
US is not very different from the_education_system in the UK. 代替特指的同类异物的单数名词用that。
10．[2015·天津高考]The quality of education in this small school is better than________ in some larger schools.
答案：that 根据句式结构和语义可知，此处代替的是前文出现的表示同类异物概念的quality，为抽象名词，故用that。
◆ Part Ⅱ 语篇真题演练
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
[2016·全国卷Ⅲ]In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, ___61___ Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might ___62___ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal ___63___ (create) special designs.
The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, ___64___ (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it. Over time, ___65___ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which ___66___ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ___67___ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC, influenced the ___68___ (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ___69___ (be) too violent for use at the table.
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ___70___ their hands.
61．________ 62.________ 63.________ 64.________ 65．________ 66.________ 67.________ 68.________ 69．________ 70.________ Step 1：通读全文，掌握主旨大意。
本文是一篇说明文。讲述的是筷子的材质和中国使用筷子的悠久历史及文化内涵。 Step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。
61．and 考查并列连词。分析句子结构及语境可知，Vietnam与空前的“China, Japan, Korea”之间是并列关系。
62．be_made 考查动词的语态。此处指真正雅致的筷子可能是由金和银做成的。make与句子主语Truly elegant chopsticks之间是被动关系，空格前有情态动词might，故填be made。
63．to_create 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，此处用to do形式表目的。
64．using 考查非谓语动词。use与句子主语People之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故应用现在分词作状语，表方式。
65．as或when 考查状语从句。此处表述随着人口的增长或当人口增长时人们开始把食物切成小片……。根据句意和句子结构可知，空格处用as或when引导时间状语从句。
66．gradually 考查词性转换。修饰动词应用副词。
67．who 考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处在此引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Confucius(孔子)，指人，故用关系代词who。
68．development 考查词性转换。根据空格前的the及空格后的of可知，此处应填名词。
69．were 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句中的believed及would可知，此处描述的是过去的情况。从句主语为knives，谓语动词应用复数。
70．with 考查介词。此处指在印度大部分人用手吃饭。with “用，凭借”。 Step 3：代入验证。
需保证语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，这样才能确保万无一失。
考生在代词和介词的学习过程中存在的问题如下： (1)常见代词的基本用法；(2)易混不定知识 清单 代词的区别；(3)it的用法；(4)常见介词(短语)的基本用法；(5)常见介词固定搭配。 学情 分析 (1)对代词的基本功能和用法掌握不扎实；(2)在使用时，不去判断所指代内容，单凭语感解题；(3)不能准确把握易混代词的用法特点；(4)混乱使用介词及介词短语，不能切实掌握常见介词的特点。 考点1 常见代词的基本用法 1人称代词用来代替人或物，有人称、数和格的变化，其形式如下：
人称代词在句子中通常作主语和宾语。 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 my mine our ours your yours his his her hers its its their theirs 注意：(1)形容词性物主代词只能用作定语，修饰名词，如：her father她的父亲。 (2)“of(介词)＋名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)”构成双重所有格，如：a friend of my father's我父亲的一位朋友。
[典题1] [2018·山东济宁模拟]“Hongbao”seems to be on everyone's lips these days. ________ (it) origins are rooted in history.
[答案] Its 由空格后面的名词，可判断此处应填形容词或形容词性的词，提示词为代词，故应填形容词性物主代词its。
[典题2] [2017·安徽淮南模拟]Scientists found five different basic ways of tooth-brushing and decided all of ________ were incorrect.
[答案] them 介词后应填名词/代词/v.-ing，并结合语境可知，此处指代five different basic ways，且作宾语，故填them。
3指示代词：this, that, these, those；其中this, these是时间或空间上的“近指”，可与“here”连用；that, those是时间或空间上的“远指”，可与“there”连用
4反身代词
(1)反身代词在句中可用作宾语、表语、同位语等。 ①You shouldn't leave the child by himself at home. 你不应把孩子独自留在家里。 ②I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
③The thing itself is not important.
事情本身并不重要。
(2)常见的一些含反身代词的固定搭配： by oneself 独自地 for oneself 亲自 enjoy oneself 玩得愉快 behave oneself 举止良好 seat oneself 坐下来 devote oneself to 投身于 come to oneself 苏醒过来 dress oneself 自己穿衣
help oneself to sth. 自取，自用；随意吃/用某物
[典题3] [2017·辽宁沈阳二中模拟]In 2003, Fabien created a Shark Submarine that enabled him to put ________ (he) inside the Shark world.
[答案] himself 根据空格的位置可知，应填所给代词的相应形式作动词put的宾语。结合语境可知，此处意为“使得他能够将自己置身于鲨鱼世界”。故填he的反身代词。
考点2 易混不定代词的区别
1one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, it的区别
①The train was crowded so we decided to catch a later one. 这趟火车太挤了，所以我们决定乘坐下一趟。
②His own experience was different from that of his friends. 他自己的体验和朋友们的体验不同。
③I love spring—it is a wonderful time of the year. 我喜欢春天——这是一年中一段美妙的时节。
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