2013高考必备 高中英语语法精品资料 句子结构和成分(3)

第2讲 句子成分 英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补） 除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划句子成分的符号 主语 在下面划一直线 谓语 在下面划曲线 宾语 在下面划双横线 定语 在下面划虚线 （一行点使我们想到一排钉子， “钉”谐音为“定语” 的“定”） 状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩， 木桩撞（状）钟） 补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语 上下双曲线，（虽都有曲折，上下位臵基本相同 考点2. 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。 练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当 1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class. 3. One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5. Smoking does harm to the health. 6. The rich should help the poor. 7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8. It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9. That he isn?t at home is not true 练习2. 改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因 1. He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. 2. That why he was late for school was that his mother 考点3. 谓语 谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. 2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. （2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如： We are students. Your idea sounds great. 考点4. 表语 表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 练习3. 划出下列句中的表语，并说明有什么充当。 1. Our teacher of English is an American. 2. Is it yours? 3. The weather has turned cold. 4. The speech is exciting. 5. Three times seven is twenty one. 6. His job is to teach English. 7. His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8. The machine must be under repairs. 9. The truth is that he has never been abroad. 写作专练1. 正确运用主语的各种形式（P12) was ill. 3. Beyond the mountains lie a small village. 4. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot. 5. Play basketball is my favorite sport. 6. Give up English is not an option. 4 学而时习之，不亦悦乎? 如果说学习有捷径可走，那么它就是勤奋；如果说知识就是力量，那么它就是实践。 考点5. 宾语 宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。 练习4. 划出下列句中的宾语, 并说明有什么充当。 1. They planed many trees yesterday. 2. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4. I wanted to buy a car. 5. I enjoy listening to popular music. 6. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 考点6. 宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。 带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 练习5. 用 线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。 1. His father named him Dongming. 2. They painted their boat white. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4. You mustn?t force him to lend his money to you. 5. We saw her entering the room. 6. We found everything in the lab in good order. 7. We will soon make our city what your city is now. 8. I want your homework done on time. 考点7. 主补 对主语的补充。（含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。 He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 考点8. 定语 定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“…的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。 在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。 ① 副词用作定语一般要后臵。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们) He didn?t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人） ② 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后 单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后 The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist. （我旁边的那个人） ③ 介词短语作定语时要后臵 The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩） ④ 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式做定语常后臵 I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话) The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩） The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子） 练习6. 口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位臵，并说明定语是什么词性或结构充当。 1. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. 2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. 3. We need a place twice larger than this one. 4. She carried a basket full of eggs. 5. It?s a book worth no more than one dollar. 6. It?s a city far from the coast. 7. He has money enough to buy a car. 8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. 10. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. 11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you 12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home 13. There are many clothes to be washed. 14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. 15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team. Nothing is possible for a willing heart. (心之所愿，无所不成) A bold attempt is half success. (勇敢的尝试，是成功的一半) 5 高中英语语法通霸，适合高三复习，也适合高一高二学生学习

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