should not be minimized in any discussion concerning accident risk potential.
虽然大多数工业事故或事件在历史上被归因于工人的不安全行为或不安全地执行，但是不应该在所关于事故潜在风险的讨论中将物的不安全状态最小化。
9. Injuries and/or property damage caused by mechanical hazards generally have a high potential severity, since they often result in a permanent total disability (e.g., loss of motion or use of a body member, amputations, loss of sight, damages to hearing) and/or loss to essential equipment or facilities.
机械性危险造成的伤害和/或财产损失一般具有较高的潜在严重性，因为他们往往会导致永久性的部分或全部失能（例如，丧失运动或身体某部位失能，截肢，失明，听力损害）和/或基础设备或设施的巨大破坏或损坏。
10. Furthermore, many of the so-called unsafe acts that cause such injuries or damage may not result in an accident if the potential for risk is properly assessed well in advanced and safer physical conditions are implemented to control the hazards associated with the level of ascertained risk.
此外，如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价，并且控制与该风险水平相关的危险以提供一个较为安全的物理条件，那么，所谓的导致伤害的或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。
11. Therefore ,accurate evaluation of applicable occupational and environmental standards and regulations, as well as an analysis of specific worker tasks, are absolutely essential in determining appropriate levels of protection.
因此，如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价，并且控制与风险水平相关的危险以提供一个较为安全的物理条件，那么，所谓的导致伤害或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。
12. Since the goals and objectives of both the industrial safety and system safety disciplines tend to serve each other’s best interests, it would not be prudent management practice to ignore the integration of the system safety program with the industrial safety effort.
因为行为安全和系统安全两者的目标都旨在为对方提供最大利益，所以忽视系统安全方案和工业安全方面的整合都是不严谨的管理做法。 13. Therefore, in order to fully comprehend the relationship between system safety and industrial safety, one must also understand how system safety can be successfully utilized in the analysis of the human factors element of task performance.
因此，为了充分理解系统安全和行业安全的关系，还必须了解系统的安全是如何成功的运用于任务绩效中的人因分析
14. If this basic concept of human-system interface is not properly considered in the design phase, then all the safety incentives and motivational programs that money can buy will not encourage an individual to operate poorly designed equipment at a designated level of effectiveness.
如果在设计阶段没有正确的考虑人与系统交互的基本概念，则所有的安全动机以及金钱可以购买的激励方案都不能鼓励个体员工在指定有效性要求下操作一台设计糟糕的设备。
15. Also, if personnel are trained to operate inadequately designed equipment under normal operating conditions, they will typically revert to very ineffective operations under emergency or other stress-include conditions.
此外，如果员工平时在正常操作下操作设计不当的设备，那么在紧急情况或其他应激性条件下，他们所表现的就是进行非常无效的操作。 Unit3
1. The hazard analysis will also assist the engineer in further assessing which hazards are important and which are not and therefore do not need further study.
危险分析也将有助于工程师进一步评估哪些危险是重要的，哪些危险不重要从而不必要进一步研究。
2. With this information, the associated risks are then ranked and engineering management is better able to determine which risks are worth controlling and which risks require less attention.
依据这个信息对相关的风险分级，在工程管理上能够更好的确定哪些
风险是值得控制的，哪些风险是可以较少地关注。
3. Some example engineering controls include: adding a relief value to a 2000-psi oxygen system; building a berm around an oil storage tank; using only hermetically sealed switches in an explosive environment; or putting in hard stops in rotating machinery to prevent overtorquing. 工程控制包括这样一个例子：给2000-psi的氧气系统增加一个安全阀、在储油槽周围建一个护堤、在爆炸性环境只采用密封开关或在旋转机械设置强行停止开关以防止扭矩过大。
4. Developing and implementing a plant safety plan is a good method of applying management controls to hazards. 制定和实施工厂安全计划是应用风险管理控制的一种方法。
5. Once controls are in place , a method needs to be used to verify that the controls actually control the hazards or mitigate the risks to an acceptable level.
一旦控制到位，需要使用方法验证那些控制真正的控制了危险或将风险减小到可以接受的水平。
6. After the system has been studied and hazards identified , then analyzed and evaluated with controls in place , management must make the formal decisions of which risks they are willing to take and which ones they will not take.
经过系统研究和危险识别，然后对已采用的控制措施进行了分析和评价，管理者必须做出正式的决定 ，哪些风险他们能够接受，哪些风险 他们不可以接受。
7. This means that the engineering and management organizations periodically review the safety program , engineering processes , management organizations, and product field use.
这意味着，工程管理机构定期审查安全方案，工程流程，管理组织和产品的现场使用情况。
8. The American automobile industry has lost billions of dollars in automobile recalls due to safety problems , some of which possibly could have been avoided by periodic review of product use.
美国汽车业由于安全问题在汽车召回中已经花费了数十亿美元，其中一些问题可以通过定期审查产品的使用情况来避免。 Unit4
1）Note that all methods are abstractions--they simplify the thin being modeled by abstracting away what are assumed to be irrelevant details and focusing on the feature of the phenomenon that are assumed to be the most relevant
需要指出的是所有模型都是抽象的，他们是通过抽调假定不相关的细节，关注假定最相关现象的特征从而简化了被建的模型
2）That selection process in most cases is arbitrary and depend entirely on the choice of modeler ,but it is critical in determining the usefulness and accuracy of the model in predicting future events
因为选择过程大多数情况下是任意的，完全取决与建模者的抉择，但他在确定该模型预测未来事件的有效性和准确性方面是至关重要的。 3）Because the accident model influence what cause(s) is ascribed to an accident, the countermeasures taken to prevent future accidents ,and the evaluation of the risk in operating a system ,the power and features of the model will greatly affect our ability to identify and control hazards and thus prevent accidents
因为事故模型影响着导致事故的原因、预防未来事故所采取的措施以及操作系统中的风险评价，所以，该模型的威力和特点建大大大影响我们辨识和控制危险，从而阻止事故发生的能力。
4. At the same time that the development of new technology has sprinted forward ,the time to market for new products has significantly decreased and strong pressure exist to decrease this time even further.
与此同时，随着新技术的迅猛发展，新产品的上市时间已大大缩短，但强大的压力还要求将这一时间再进一步缩短。
5. Many of the approaches to prevent accidents that worked on electromechanical component failure—such as replication of components to protect against individual component failure—are ineffective in
controlling accidents that arise from the use of digital systems and software.
许多针对机电源件防止事故发生的方法，如果用备用元件以防止个别部件失效，在控制由数字系统和软件而引发的事故时是无效的。 6. Overconfidence in redundancy and misunderstanding of the “failure” modes of software—implemented functions has played an important role in recent aerospace accidents, such as the loss of the Arianne 5 on its first flight.
对冗余的过度自信和对软件工具功能失效模式的误解在近年的航空事故中占据重要作用，例如阿丽那5首发的失败
7. The most common accident models are based on an underlying assumption that accidents are the result of an uncontrolled and undesired release of energy or interference in the normal flow of energy.
最常见的事故模型是基于一个基本假设，即事故是能量失控和意外释放或能量在正常流通渠道受到干涉的结果。
8. Software is an important factor here-it has allowed us to implement more integrated, multi-loop control in systems containing large numbers of dynamically interacting components where tight coupling allows disruptions or dysfunctional interacting in one part of the system to have far-ranging ripping effects.
对于含有大量动态交互组件的系统，其组建的机密耦合度使得系统中某部分的瓦解或作用功能紊乱波及到系统范围而产生影响，软件在这里是一个重要因素，他是我们能够对系统实施更加综合、多回路的控制。
9. Our new scientific and technological discoveries have not only created new or increased hazards (such as radiation exposure and chemical pollution) but have provided the means to harm increasing numbers of people as the scale of our systems increases and to impact future generations through environmental pollution and genetic damage. 我们新的科学技术发现，不仅新增了危险（如暴露在辐射和化学污染中），而且提供了随着系统规模的增大而使更多人受到伤害、因环境污染或基因毁坏而对未来后代有所影响的机会。
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