托福TPOextra 答案解析和原文翻译(2)

第二篇 Europe in the Twelfth Century

【P1】11世纪的欧洲经历了巨大的社会，科技和经济变革，然而这没有创造出一个新的欧洲，而是创造出2个新欧洲。北部地区发展成为一个社会地位等级严格的社会，或者至少这么说，在这个社会中谁对土地拥有所有权，谁拥有控制权，谁在土地上劳作。而地中海南部地区则发展成为一个更加不稳定的社会结构，因此也更加混乱，在南部地区，工业和商业占主导地位，社会地位不但反映了同时也是一个人在社会公共生活中所扮演的角色的体现。换句话说， 在北部地区个人身份认同和社会群体建立在个人基础上，而南部地区则是建立在公民的基础上。12世纪初，北部和南部地区完全不一样，欧洲人自己也注意到了两个地区的差异，并对该差异加以评论。

【P2】在北部地区政治统治占有绝对支配地位。德国，法国和英国有大量的人口和军队，使之形成了政治和军事意识，并且成为西欧的控制者。这些国家建立了封建制度，有着强大和复杂精细的政府机制。国王和皇后是这个时代的统治者，城堡和教堂庄严雄伟地矗立在土地上成为他们通知的象征，军队活跃并定义了这个时代。另外，封建社会依靠鼓励国内城市生活和建立社会网络平衡发展显示了卓越的能力来适应性的需求。事实上，在北部的一些区域，封建社会的发展可能甚至能够响应大城市兴起的趋势。但是欧洲南部地区经济和文化生活占有主导地位。尽管地中海的领导城市规模较小，他们也对北部城市相对富裕。12世纪只意大利一个城市Palermo就能够征收相当于整个英格兰王国四倍的商业税收。南部社会也具有都市化，多语言文化特征，这使得他们成为这个时代的有智慧和富有艺术气质的领导者。南部地区人民的文化水平远超北部人民，同时南部人们把学到的知识应用到更广泛的领域。科学，数学，诗歌，法律，历史写作，宗教思索，翻译和古典文学开始繁荣发展，整个12世纪，欧洲大陆最出色的人物都纷纷涌入南部地区。

【P3】北部的士兵也做了很多事情。12世界政治历史的中心主题之一是北部国家持续努力向南扩大他们的控制，希望能够控制地中海的繁荣。德国皇帝Otto一世不断的建立他们对于北部意大利城市的控制，因为这些城市比如德国农村地区产生更多的税收。法国则使劲一切手段推进国家的边界使之更靠近地中海海岸线。征服统治英格兰的诺曼第人在西西里地区和南部意大利附近地区建立起警戒部队。英国国王也希望或者数次宣布通过金钱或者婚姻政治成为几个地中海城市的统治者。但是当北部国家对南部地区施加压力的时候，南部的文化准确和社会机制也同样向北部扩展。在整个12世纪进程中，北部封建国家里的城市飞速增加，并且成功大范围的复制那些南部的城市。与地中海商人和金融家门的接触让北部的工业和国际贸易得到了发展（有助于为早期提到的城堡和教堂支付金钱）。教育也得到了传播，并且在引发争议的中世纪欧洲最伟大发明—大学的建立中达到了高潮。北部和南部共生共栖，换句话说，两个地区的反差比起极性对立的差异程度更大。

题目解析

1. The word \ (A) extremely. (B) normally. (C) obviously. (D) strictly. 答案：D

2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following was a deciding factor in person's place in society in northern Europe at the end of the eleventh century?

(A) Ownership of a commercial enterprise.商业企业的所有权

(B) Participation in social and technological changes.参与社会和科技变革 (C) Role in public life in the community.在社会中公共生活所扮演的角色 (D) Relationship to land through ownership or labor.土地关系所有权 答案：D

解析：定位词north Europe at the end of the eleventh century，原文对应是第一段第二句。ABC都是南部社会特征

3. According to paragraph 1, which of the following best characterizes the societies in European lands close to the Mediterranean Sea at the beginning of the eleventh century?

(A) They were civic societies dominated by industry and commerce. (B) They were based on individual social status.

(C) They had a fixed and hierarchical form of government. (D) They were established on the idea of individual responsibility.

答案：A。

解析：定位词Mediterranean Sea at the beginning of the eleventh century，原文对应是第一段第二句。BCD都是北部社会特征

4. The word \(A) associates.同事伙伴 (B) equivalents.对等的事务 (C) opponents.反对者 (D) admirers.仰慕者 答案：B

5. Why does the author mention the \(A) It had a population that spoke several different languages.

(B) Its artists and intellectuals were famous both in the north and south. (C) Its commerce made it richer than a large northern country. (D) It was a relatively small and unimportant Mediterranean state.

答案：C

解析：定位关键词回原文，发现Palermo作为for example出现，例子都为了解释前面的主题句，往前看一到两句，从But southern Europe took the lead in economic and cultural life开始，通读抓住关键信息wealthier啊~定位选项C

6. The word \ (A) cultivated 有文化的 (B) famous (C) popular

(D) exceptional例外的 答案：A

7. According to paragraph 2, European intellectuals moved to southern Europe during the twelfth century because southern cities

(A) needed learned people for commerce

(B) paid educated people better than northern cities did

(C) were flourishing centers of science, literature, and other studies (D) needed teachers to improve the levels of general learning 答案：C

解析：定位词intellectuals move to southern Europe，回到原文是最后一句

8. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 2? (A) A statement of fact followed by examples 有例子支撑的事实描述

(B) A description followed by a contrasting description 由对比性描述支持的描述 (C) A series of detailed comparisons 一系列细节对比 (D) A logical argument有逻辑性观点 答案：B

解析：分析第二段结构抓句子间连接词,判断句子意群，moreover是另外，还有的意思，通常连接上下内容在一个区域，但是分论点不同的地方，所以可以判断，上下为一个意思层次，都在讲北部。往下but转折到南部。 再看southern communities also也是为分论点的提示词。划分段落后，发现北部南部转折时，都用一句话做了内容的概述。北部是political dominance belonged to the north; 南部是but southern Europe took the lead in economic and cultural life。所以可以判断文章结构为“总起句北方+分论点1+分论点2， BUT转折总起句南方+分论点1,+分论点2”

9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) In political history, northern kingdoms tried to extend their control during the twelfth century, but the south

tapped into the rich treasures it had around the Mediterranean. 12世纪时，从政治历史上看，北部城市试图扩大他们的统治，但是环地中海的南部城市在创造财富。

(B) Political history demonstrates that during the twelfth century, while southern states enjoyed the

Mediterranean bonanza, northern countries increased the power of their kings.12世纪政治历史表明当南部

城市创造财富繁荣之时，北部城市的国王则在加强统治力量

(C) The political history of twelfth-century Europe shows particularly those northern countries continually tried

to expand their rule into the south to profit from the riches there.12世纪欧洲政治历史展现了在北部国家持续扩张他们对于南部地区的统治为了获取财富

(D) Political history shows that northern kingdoms were so influenced by the example of Mediterranean wealth

that they advanced into other areas.政治历史表明北部城市被他们进入的地中海富裕的城市影响 答案：C

解析：根据highlighted sentence句子意思

10. The word \(A) beginning 开始 (B) increase增加

(C) occupation 职业，占有 (D) construction建设 答案：B

11. According to paragraph 3, northern Europe was influenced by the Mediterranean states in all of the following ways EXCEPT

(A) the design of castles and cathedrals 城堡和教堂的设计 (B) the spread of education 教育的传播 (C) the construction of cities 城市的建设

(D) the development of industry and trade工业和商业的发展 答案：A

解析：细节定位原文第三段But as the northern world pressed southward, 开始读起，A选项没有提到

12. Look at the four squares[?] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage

There was northern Europe on the one hand and southern Europe on the other. 答案：A

解析：插入句翻译“一方面是北欧，另外一个是南欧”根据逻辑放在A，能够承上启下

13. Directions: Select from the seven phrases below the two phrases that correctly characterize northern Europe during the twelfth century (选2个)and the three phrases that correctly characterize southern Europe（选3个）. Two of the phrases will NOT be used. Write your answer choices in the spaces where they belong. You can either write the letter of your answer choice or you can copy the sentence. (A) Democratic social structure (B) Sophisticated culture (C) Small wealthy states (D) Famous kings and queens

(E) Extensive communication systems (F) Highly literate population (G) Large military forces

答案：北欧—DG 南欧—BCF

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