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periods, in the first periods, James took great interest in international theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as ―The Major Phase‖. ②特点：(1)deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.深刻探讨人物人性心理，用深厚、复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行揣摩
(2)1st person and 3rd person narration，第一和第三人称的叙述 (3)omniscient 全视角是不真实的; ③家庭背景：father: philosopher哲学家,富有；brother: psychologist, philosopher心理学家,哲学家； ④创作原则：The art of Fiction小说的艺术;art vs. life, brings the meaning of life; ⑤贡献contribution：in his critical commentaries, he made major contributions to the art of fiction itself, helping to transform the novel from its alliance with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience. 詹姆斯把小说从新闻形式和浪漫故事转变成为了对个人在社会大环境中面对种种冲突，进行深刻剖析的文学形式；对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式，他定义这位感受的最高形式。 ⑥代表作：―The American‖、―Daisy Miller‖、― in the Portrait of a Lady‖(早期最好的作品)
Last full-length novel ==―The Wings of the Dove‖、―The Ambassadors‖、―The Golden Bowl‖ ⑦The name of the heroine ―in the Portrait of a Lady” is Isabel Acher. The novel is representative of the best of James’ mature work. The plot concerns the courtship, marriage, and development of the character of Isabel Archer, a young American girl who has been left penniless by the death of her father. The intricate novel of psychological and moral
interrelationships is in one sense another treatment of the Jamesian theme of the American in conflict with European culture and in another sense the most personal of his novels, an intimate picture of a woman’s soul presented with masterly psychological finesse.
7、Jack London 杰克.伦敦 ①代表作：―The People of the Abyss‖、―The Call of the Wild‖、―The Sea Wolf‖、 ―Martin Eden‖(autobiographical novel自传体小说) ②while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel. 8、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞 ①代表作：―Sister Carrie‖《嘉莉妹妹》 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.
―The Financier‖、―The Titan‖、―The Stoic‖Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲 ②―An American Tragedy‖《美国悲剧》，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。
美国文学史复习5（the 20th century） 一、Background: ① World War I 第一次世界大战，America have great profit. ② Jump in technology (automobile / radio) 科技方面的跳跃 （汽车/收音机） ③ old moral code breaks 旧道德体系破碎 1、Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.
2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a ―Lost Generation,‖ devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of ―expatriates‖ or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.
3、Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. 4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliot’s ―The Waste Land‖, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought. 5、典型的迷惘一代：
F. Scott Fitzgerald, ―The Great Gatsby‖ 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel
Ernest Hemingway ―The Sun Also Rises‖《太阳照样升起》 ―A Farwell to Arms‖《告别了，武器》 William Faulkner ―The Sound and the Fury‖ 《喧嚣与骚动》
6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：Eugene O’Neill ―The Emperor Jones‖《琼斯国王》、―Anna Christie‖《安娜.克里斯蒂》、―The Hairy Ape‖《毛猿》
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7、The Jazz Age(享乐时代)：when New Orleans musicians moved ―up the river‖ to Chicago, and the theatre of New York’s Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of ―the beautiful and damned‖, drowning in their pleasures. 二、代表作家：
1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 诗人 ①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。 ②major work of poetry is the long poem called ―The Cantos‖ 2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet ①诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead ―the
old-fashioned way to be new.‖ He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.
(2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.
(3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often
probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed. ②he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖. ③―The Road Not Taken‖、―Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening‖向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑 3、Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯 诗人 ①His work is primarily motivated by the belief that ―ideas of order,‖ that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品动机起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。 ②代表作：―The Man with the Blue Guitar‖《带蓝吉他的人》；
―Necessary Angel‖《必要的天使》，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry诗歌的评论.
―Anecdote of the Jar‖《坛子的轶事》jar – man made – art, wildness – nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到自然的秩序， integrated 统一体 ③特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。
(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。
(3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds – between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, ―imagination and reality‖(想象与现实) ★4、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人 ①多重身份：poet诗人, critic评论家, playwright剧作家 ②代表作：
―The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock‖poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.
―Tradition and the Individual Talent‖essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点. provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。
―The Waste Land‖《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form — the orchestration of related themes in successive movement. 新的文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果。 ―Four Quartets‖《四个四重奏》poem
―Murder in the Cathedral‖，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧 ③作品特点：
(1) concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点，正确思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失。 (2)poem conceived as a made object, an organic thing in itself, whose concrete elements are true correlatives of the artist’s imagination and experience with respect to that poem.诗歌是客观成型的东西，诗歌的具体元素与艺术家的想象和经历密切相关，也与诗歌相一致。
(3)The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for judging the poem.知识、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准。 5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德 novelist 小说家 ①作品：―This Side of Paradise‖《人间天堂》，the first novel. ―The Great Gatsby‖ 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel ―Tender Is the Night‖ 《夜色温柔》 novel ②第二本小说的开展过程：dream梦想 → Daisy self-centered 理想化的淑女，自我为中心 → disenchantment, disillusion魔法消失，(因阶级差异)梦想破灭 → sense of failure and despair (light)失败和绝望 Ash 灰(象征) → forest树木，西部开发，树木变成灰了 ③limited point of view有限视角 → suspense悬念 + mystery神秘真实性→reliable可信的，不偏，不评价
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6、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家 ①写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。
(2) His primary concern was an individual’s ―moment of truth,‖ and his fascination with the threat of physical,
emotional, of psychic death is reflected in his lifelong preoccupation with stories of war.主题强调换个体―真理的瞬时性‖，痴迷于描写肉体情感方面面临的威胁和心灵死亡等主题。
(3) man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure作品主题, or purity of line through the maximum of exposure最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人. ②代表作：―The Sun Also Rises‖ Hemingway became the spokesman for ―a lost generation‖ ―A Farewell to Arms‖、―For Whom the Bell Tolls‖、―The Old Man and the Sea‖ 7、John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克 ①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。 ②代表作：
―Of Mice and Men‖《人鼠之间》 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers ―The Grapes of Wrath‖《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。 8、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳 ①作品的主题：the universal theme of ―the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself‖人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。 ②作品：―The Sound and the Fury‖《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、―Absalom, Absalom!‖、―Go Down, Moses‖ ③narrative method叙述方法:1、stream of consciousness 意识流
2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多个叙述者
《美国文学史》复习指南
使用教材：《美国文学史》（第二版）常耀信著
Chapter 1 Colonial America ★ 1607 Jamestown, Virginia：the first permanent English settlement in America ★ 1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: the second permanent English settlement in America ★ Captain John Smith: the first American writer writing in English ★ Anne Bradstreet: the first American woman poet
Major work: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650) Contemplations (9) on P. 17 （熟悉这首诗歌）
To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》 ★ Philis Wheatley: the first black woman poet in American literature ★ Edward Taylor: the most famous poet in the colonial period Huswifery on P. 19 （熟悉这首诗歌） ★ Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644) Translated the Bible into the Indian tongue ★ John Winthrop: ―Model of Christian Charity‖ （〈基督慈善之典范〉） The History of New England (two volumes, 1825, 1826) (〈新英格兰史〉) 1630 --- 1649 in diary ★ Thomas Paine: Common Sense, The American Crisis, The Rights of Man, The Age of Reason ★ Philip Freneau: Poet of the American Revolution
The Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground, The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi ★ Charles Brockden Brown: the first important American novelist
Wieland, Edgar Huntly, Ormond, Aurthur Mervyn
Chapter 2 Edwards, Franklin, Crevecoeur
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★ the 18 century: Age of Reason and Enlightenment
★ Jonathan Edwards: America’s first systematic philosopher
The Freedom of the Will, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God ★ Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac 熟悉37页的引文
★ Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American Farmer
Chapter 3 American Romanticism, Irving, Cooper
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★ Washington Irving: the first American writer to win international acclaim The Sketch Book: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ★ James Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales (五个故事的题目) Natty Bumpo (人物形象)
Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism, Emerson, Thoreau
★ Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature (the Bible and manifesto of New England Transcendentalism) The American Scholar (America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence)
★ Henry David Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the Woods
Chapter 5 Hawthorne, Melville
★ Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables,
The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun, Young Goodman Brown
★ Herman Melville: Moby Dick, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White Jacket, Pierre
Chapter 6 Whitman, Dickinson
★ Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass; free verse; Song of Myself
★ Emily Dickinson: Of the 1775 poems, only 7 poems were published in her lifetime. 熟悉教材中98至102页所选的诗歌
Chapter 7 Edgar Allan Poe ★ Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition, The Poetic Principle, The Raven，To Helen
熟悉教材中107页所选的The Raven中的部分诗行
Chapter 8 The Age of Realism, Howells, James
★ William Dean Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham, Criticism and Fiction ★ Henry James: important writings listed on P. 125 the international theme
Chapter 9 Local Colorism, Mark Twain
★ Hamlin Garland: Crumbling Idols, Veritism (真实主义) ★ Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring Camp
★ Mark Twain: 主要作品, vernacular literature, colloquial style
★ Harriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人 & her Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 ★ Louisa May Alcott 路易莎·梅·奥尔科特 & her Little Women 《小妇人》 ★ Kate Chopin 凯特·肖班 & her The Awakening 《觉醒》
Chapter 10 American Naturalism, Crane, Norris, Dreiser, Robinson
★ Stephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first naturalistic novel in American
literature), The Red Badge of Courage (the first anti-war novel in American literature), Famous short stories: The Open Boat, The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky ★ Frank Norris: The Octopus, McTeague
★ Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, the Desire Trilogy, The Genius ★ Edwin Arlington Robinson: Richard Cory
★ Jack London: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, Martin Eden
★ O. Henry (William Sidney Porter): famous for his short stories such as The Gift of the Magi ★ Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, the Muckraking Movement
Chapter 11 The 1920s, Imagism, Pound
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★ The first American Renaissance: the first half of the 19th century ★ The second Renaissance: the 1920s
★ The three principles of the Imagist Poetry
★ 熟悉四首意象派诗歌：In a Station of the Metro, Oread, The Red Wheelbarrow, Fog, 并会分析其中的第一和第四首 ★ Ezra Pound: The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn Mauberley
Chapter 12 T. S. Eliot, Stevens, Williams
★ T. S. Eliot: The Waste Land （五个部分的题目）, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 其他主要作品
founder of New Criticism: depersonalization, objective correlative ★ William Carlos Williams: Paterson
Chapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore ★ Robert Frost: New England poet, lyrical poet, the unofficial poet laureate, won the Pulitzer Prize four times The Road Not Taken (熟悉此诗), Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, Apple-picking <<摘苹果>>
★ Carl Sandburg: Fog, The Harbor (two famous Imagist poems)
★ E. E. Cummings: the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetry ★ Hart Crane: The Bridge
Chapter 14 Fitzgerald, Hemingway ★ F. Scott Fitzgerald: the spokesman of the Jazz Age The Great Gatsby
★ Ernest Hemingway: Hemingway hero with ―grace under pressure‖, the iceberg principle
―I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows.
Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. ‖ 冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。 水底的部分占整座冰山的八分之七。 主要作品
The Old Man and the Sea won him the 1954 Nobel Prize for literature.
Chapter 15 The Southern Renaissance, William Faulkner
★ William Faulkner: Yoknapatawpha County (his fictional kingdom) 主要作品（见教材）
Chapter 16 Anderson, Stein, Lewis, Cather, Wolfe
★ Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio, colloquial style
★ Gertrude Stein: The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, Three Lives ―You are all a lost generation.‖ (To Hemingway)
★ Sinclair Lewis: the first American author to win the Nobel Prize for literature (in 1930) Main Street, Babbit ★ Willa Cather: My Antonia
★ Thomas Wolfe: Look Homeward, Angel
Chapter 17 The 1930s, Dos Passos, Steinbeck
★ John Dos Passos: U. S. A.
★ John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath (Joad family); Nobel Prize for literature in 1962 and Pulitzer Prize winner for
fiction
Chapter 18 Porter, Welty, McCullers, West, The New Criticism
★ Katherine Anne Porter: The Flowering Judas, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall ★ Eudora Welty: Death of a Traveling Salesman
★ Carson McCullers: The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, The Ballad of the Sad Café
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