新编英语教程5课文翻译(unit1-15)(4)

不幸的是，在创造性、态度、自我调节能力、潜在的兴趣和才能，以及天赋的能力等方面还没有可靠的手段来衡量其长进。

13 My opinion, which is based on more than a decade in the classroom, is that learning skyrockets when individuals are grouped according to interest and ability and are motivated, challenged, and inspired by a type of schoolwork that will yield some measure of success to them.

基于十余年的课堂教学经验，我的观点是：当学生按照个人的兴趣和能力组班，给他以能产生某种程度成功感的学校作业，予以鼓舞、激发和启迪，其学识将会猛增。

14 Heterogeneous classrooms frequently produce frustration in children who are persistently unable to do the same work that most of the other children do. Frustration is also produced when bright children are not properly challenged by their school work, as is too often the case in heterogeneous classrooms.

多元化课堂常使一些孩子产生困惑，他们总是不能完成其他孩子中多数人能完成的同样功课。在多元化课堂里常见的另一种困惑,则出现在聪明的学生身上，因为他们没有受到学校作业的适当激励。

15 I have little fear of gifted students' being pushed beyond their endurance, for I have faith in the ability of most teachers to recognize the limits to which any student should be pushed. On the other hand, I don't believe giftedness should be wasted away simply because a bright or talented student is content to proceed at what is? for him? a snail's pace or to stand at the top of a class of students with less ability.

我丝毫不惧怕天才学生会被推到超出他们承受力的地步，因为我相信大多数教师有能力识别某一学生应被推至的极限；但我相信天赋不应该仅仅只是因为某一聪明或有才能的学生满足于对他来讲简直是蜗牛爬行的前进速度、或处于一个能力较差的学生班的最前列而被浪费。 16 Several schools with which I am familiar have experimented with grouping the gifted in a reading program. (Their regular procedure had been to have three or four reading groups in one classroom under one teacher. The teacher's time was divided among several small groups.) 我熟悉的几所学校已经试验在阅读课中将有天才者集中起来的分班做法。(过去其常规程式是一个老师教授一个班级中的三至四个阅读小组，老师的时间平均分给这几个小组。)

17 The experiment involved putting slow readers from different classrooms in one classroom, average readers from different classrooms in another class, and fast readers in still another class. Each classroom still had one teacher, but he no longer had to divide his time among several different groups. The control group consisted of a class organized and taught under the regular procedure mentioned above. 这个实验把来自不同班级阅读速度慢的学生分在一个班里，速度一般的学生分在另一个班里，而速度快的被分在还有一个班里。每个班仍有一位教师，但他不再需要把他的时间平分给几个小组了。对比班按照上面提到的常规方式组织施教。

18 After two years, the researchers found greater overall progress at all reading levels in the experimental group. In fact, some slow readers joined the average ones and some average ones moved up to the fast group. In this case, special ability grouping paid dividends all around.

两年以后，研究者发现，各阅读水平级的学生的总体进步还是实验班的大。事实上，有些速度慢的学生加入到中等速度的行列，而有些中等速度的上升至快速班。在这一事例中，按专长分班使各班都得到提高。

19 I believe the same results could have been achieved in science, social studies, mathematics, or English. By decreasing the range of interest and/or ability levels, the teacher is able to do more toward helping individual growth.

我相信，在科学、社会学、数学或英语等方面也会取得一样的成绩。借助于缩小兴趣和／或能力水平间的档次，教师能对个人的发展提供更多的帮助。

20 While I do not believe that children should be regarded as resources to be molded to the needs of society, I do believe that as individuals they are endowed with certain characteristics and attributes? “gifts” of nature? which represent their potential success in life. Where children have certain “gifts” in common, they should be allowed to work and study together.

虽然，我认为孩子们不应该被视为可模制的资源以适应社会的需求。但我确信作为个人，他们天生具有某种特点和特性──即天赋──代表了他们生活中潜在的成功。当孩子们具有某种相同的天赋时，他们就应被准许在一起工作和学习

Unit Eight: 为何样样失灵？（为何什么都没用？）

根据著名学者摩非所发明的法则，“任何东西如果有坏的可能，它就一定会坏掉。”摩非法则的推论为劣质商品问题提供了依据：任何东西如果可能会失效，它就一定会失效；任何东西如果可能解体，它就一定会解体；任何东西如果可能停止运转，它就会停止运转。虽然摩非定律永远不会被推翻，但是它的效应通常却是可以被延缓的。人类生存多半想能确保物品出厂后相当一段时间内不会坏掉、解体、失效或停止运转。要想预防摩非法则对产品产生效应需要智慧、技术和承诺。如果这些人为的输入得到专门的质量监控仪器、机械和科学的抽样工序的辅助，那就更好了。然而，单单是质量监控仪和抽样调查将永远不能制胜，因为这些物件也受制于摩非法则。质检仪器需要维修；计量器也会出故障；X光和雷射光束需要调整。无论技术如何先进，保持高质量需要智慧、活跃的思想和行动。 回忆一下史前和工业化前人类的物质文化也许有助于说明我的意思。博物馆里展览着简单的工业化前的社会所用的手工物品，只参观一次就足于打消质量得依赖技术这种观点。手工物品也许设计简单甚至原始，但其制作意图却是要终生耐用。我们敬慕“手工制作”的标签并愿意多花钱购买当今数量递减的手工艺人推出的珠宝、毛衣和手袋，就是承认了这一点。 波摩印地安人的篮子编得如此紧密，以至于用它来盛开水而滴水不漏；爱斯基摩人的皮船具有一系列无与伦比的综合优点，既轻巧结实又经得起风浪。这些东西的质量源泉是什么？仅仅因为它们是手工制作的吗？我认为并非如此。不熟练不经意的手做出来的篮子或船只也会和机器制的篮子或船一样迅速分崩离析。我宁可认为我们之所以敬慕“手工制作”的标签，是因为它让人联想起的不是生产者和产品之间的技术关系，而是一种生产者和消费者之间的社会关系。贯穿史前时期，保证产品最高程度的耐用性和持久性的是这一个事实：生产者和消费者不是同一个人就是同样的个体或是近亲。男人们制作自己的长矛、弓、箭以及抛掷尖物；女人们编制自己的篮子和网兜，用动物皮毛、树皮或纤维做自己的衣服。后来随着技术的发展以及物质文化变得更复杂，族人或村子里的不同成员采用技艺分工，如制陶术、编蓝术或制船术。尽管许多物品是通过实物交易获得，生产者于消费者之间的关系仍然是亲密持久充满关爱的。

男人不可能为自己做一把飞到一半尖头就会脱落的长矛；女人也不会用烂草编织自己用

的篮子。同样一个妻子缝制的毛皮风雪大衣是给丈夫在零下60度的温度下出去为家人打猎穿的，那么针针线线都会密密细缝、十分牢固。如果造船的人是开船人的叔伯、父亲，他当然会利用当时的一切技术，制造出最经得起大风大浪的船只。 相比之下，人们很难去关怀陌生人或给陌生人使用的产品。在我们这个工业批量生产和批量营销的时代，质量是个不断出现的问题，因为那种曾经使我们对彼此负责、对产品负责的亲密情感和个人关系已经消亡，并被金钱关系所取代。不只是生产者与消费者素不相识，从事生产和分配各阶段工作的男男女女---- 从管理人员到生产线上的工人，从办公室助理人员到销售人员，彼此都互不相识。在较大的公司也许有成千上万的人全都在为同一产品工作，却从不对面相遇或知道对方的名字。公司越大，劳动分工就越复杂，漠不关心的关系就越严重，因此摩非法则的效应也就越大。公司的发展使得工资单上的行政官、工头、工程师、生产工人和销售人员层层增加。由于每个新雇员为整个生产程序所负责的分额在减少，他们与公司及其产品的疏远就可能增加，同时还以来可能忽视或甚至故意破坏其质量标准。

Unit 9

1 Not long ago I was asked to join in a public symposium on the role of the American

press. Two other speakers were included on the program. The first was a distinguished TV anchorman. The other was the editor of one of the nation’s leading papers, a newsman to the core – though , aggressive, and savvy in the ways and means of solid reporting.

不久前，我应邀参加了一次有关美国报业的作用的公共研讨会。还有另外两位嘉宾也出席了，一位是知名的节目主持人，另一位是美国一家主要报纸的编辑，他勇敢坚定，咄咄逼人，深谙撰写可靠新闻的之道，堪称一位彻头彻尾的新闻界人士。

2 The purpose of the symposium, as I understood it, was to scrutinize the obligations of the media and to suggest the best ways to meet those obligations.

据我所知，本次研讨会旨在审查传媒的使命，提出完成使命的最佳方式。

3 During the open-discussion period, a gentleman in the audience addressed a question to my two colleagues. Why, he asked, are the newspapers and the television news programs so disaster-prone? Why are newsmen and women so attracted to tragedy, violence, failure?

在公开讨论时，观众席中的一位男士向两位嘉宾提问，‘为什么报纸和电视新闻都充斥灾难？为什么新闻界的男男女女对悲剧、暴力和失败有如此关注?’ 4 The anchorman and editor reached as though they had been blamed for the existence of bad news. Newsmen and newswomen, they said, are only responsible for reporting the news, not for creating it or modifying it

主持人和编辑的反应是，好像他们为坏消息的存在受到了责难。他们回答说，新闻界人士只负责报道新闻而不创造或修改新闻。

5 It didn’t seem to me that the newsmen had answered the question. The gentleman

who had asked it was not blaming them for the distortions in the world. He was just wondering why distortions are most reported. The news media seem to operate on the philosophy that all news is bad news. Why? Could it be that the emphasis on downside news is largely the result of tradition – the way newsmen are accustomed to respond to daily events?

我认为他们没有回答那位先生的问题。那位先生的问题。那位提问的先生并没有责怪他们，让他们为世上的不实复杂。他只是想弄明白为什么报道的最多的是扭曲的现实。新闻传

媒的运作理念似乎凡是新闻皆坏事。为什么？难道突出负面新闻是传统？是新闻业内人士对日常事件的习以为常的反应？

6 Perhaps it would be useful here to examine the way we define the world news,

for this is where the problem begins. News is supposed to deal with happenings of the past 12 hours - 24 hours at most. Any sniper kills some pedestrians; a terrorist holds 250 people hostage in a plane; OPEC announces a 25 percent increase in petroleum prices; Great Britain devalues by another 10 percent; a truck conveying radioactive wastes collides with a mobile cement mixer.

或许看一下我们如何定义新闻一词会有所帮助，因为这是问题的起因，新闻应该是报道过去十二小时，最迟二十四小时内所发生的事情。然而突发事件往往是具有爆炸性的：一名狙击手枪杀几名行人，一名恐怖分子劫持飞机上250名人质，欧佩克宣布原油价格上涨25%，英国货币又贬值10%一辆载有放射性废料的卡车与一架水泥搅拌车相撞。

7 Focusing solely on these details, however, produces a misshapen picture.

Civilization is a lot more than the sum total of its catastrophes. The most important ingredient in any civilization is progress. But progress doesn’t happen all at once. It is not eruptive. Generally, it comes in bits and pieces, very little of it clearly visible at any given moment, but all of involved in the making of historical change for the better.

然而，一味聚焦这些报道，则是失真的画面。人类文明成果远远多于灾难总和。每个文明进步最重要的组成元素是进步，但进步不是一蹴而就的，不具被爆发性。一般来说，它是一点一滴逐步发展的，在某个特定的时刻是微不足察的，但是所有微小的进步都参与了历史性巨变的实现，是社会更加美好。

8 It is this aspect of living history that most news reporting reflects

inadequately. The result is that we are underinformed about positive developments and overinformed about disasters. This, in turn, leads to a public mood of defeatism and despair, which in themselves tend to be inhibitors of progress.

An unrelieved diet of eruptive news depletes the essential human energies a free society needs. A mood of hopelessness and cynicism is hardly likely to

furnish the energy needed to meet serious challenges.

这就是人类活生生的历史，绝大多数的新闻媒体没有予以充分的反映，才导致我们对社会的正面发展了解不足，对灾难却知之甚多，这又使人产生失败和绝望的情绪，而这些情绪阻碍社会进步。爆发性新闻大餐叫人忧心忡忡，大大消减了自由社会所需的人的动力，绝望和愤世的情绪使人没有动力迎接严峻的考验。

9 I am not suggesting that “positive” news be contrived as an antidote to the

disasters on page one. Nor do I define positive news as in-depth reportage of functions of the local YMCA. What I am trying to get across is the notion that the responsibility of the news media is to search out and report on important events--- whether or not they come under the heaven and hell, and both sectors call for attention and scrutiny.

我并非暗示可以编造“积极”的新闻来抵消头版上灾难报道的作用，也没有把对亲年基督会作用的深刻报道定义为“正面”新闻。我要传递的观点是，新闻媒体的职责是搜索及报道重大事件，无论他们是否有关冲突、对抗或灾难。这世界既有光明的一面又有阴暗的一面，两个方面都要引起人们的关注和思考。

10 My hope is that the profession of journalism will soon see its responsibility

in a wider perspective. The time has come to consider the existence of a large area of human happenings that legitimately qualify as news. For example, how many news articles have been written about nitrogen-fixation --- the process by which plants can be made to “fix” their own nitrogen, thus reducing the need for fertilizer? Scientists all over the world are now pursuing this prospect in the hope of combating famine. How much is known about the revolutionary changes being made in increasing the rice harvest in the Far East? There are literally dozens of similar important development in the world that are worthy of inclusion in any roundup of major new stories.

我希望新闻界人士能以更广阔视野来看待传媒的责任。已经到时候了，该认识到人类事件中可以作为新闻来报道的领域是及其宽广的。举例来说，有几篇新闻报道过固氮作用——这是使植物锁定自身的氮气，从而减少对化肥需求的过程？全世界的科学家都在为这一前景而努力，希望借此解决饥荒，对远东地区水稻产量提高的巨大的进步又了解多少？事实上，世界还有许多类似的重要发展，这些都值得做重要的新闻综合报道。

11 The anchorman and editor were right in saying that newsmen and women are not

responsible for shaping the world. But they are responsible for affecting our attitudes. We are only what we think we are; we can achieve only those goals we dare to envision. News people provide us with the only picture we have of ourselves and of the world. It had better be a true portrait – and not a caricature – for it is this picture on which we will base our decisions and around which we will plan our future.

主持人和编辑说新闻界人士并没有责任来塑造世界，这是无可厚非的。但是他们有责任来影响我们的观点。我们认为自己是怎样的，那我们就是怎样的。我们只能实现那些我们敢于设想的目标。新闻界人士为我们提供我们对自身以及这个世界认识的写照——这种写照最好是逼真的肖像，而不是扭曲的漫画像，因为我们就是根据这一写照来做决定，筹划未来的。

12 The journalist, to paraphrase Walter Lippmann, is the public’s philosopher.

“ The acquired culture,” Lippmann wrote, “is not transmitted in our genes. The good life in the good society, though attainable, is never attained and possessed once and for all. What has been attained will again be lost if the wisdom of the good life in a good society is not transmitted.”

按照华特里普曼的说法，新闻记者都是大众的哲学家。他曾经写道：后天习得的文化并非基因遗传，美好社会的甜美的生活虽然可得但却不是一旦拥有就永远不会失去。如果美好生活正的智慧没有被传下来，所得一切也将会化为乌有。

13 With an accurate report of the good life in the good society, we can begin to

use the news as Bernard de Chartres suggested we use history – boosting ourselves up on our experiences, “like dwarfs seated on the shoulders of giants,” enabled, thus, “to see more things than the Americans and things more distant.”

美好社会的美好生活有准确报道。伯纳德 德 查特斯建议我们这样善用历史，借鉴经验教训，鼓舞我们的士气，“就像矮子站在巨人的肩膀上”使得我们“比前人看得更远，看到更多”。我们也可以这样善用新闻报道。

Unit10 Things: The Throw-away Society一次性社会

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