I like to visit a place whose history is long.我喜欢参观历史悠久的地方。 (4).which指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语. 如:
The necklace (which) she is wearing is beautiful.她带的那条项链真美。
(5).that即可指人也可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,有时可以和who/ whom/which互换。 如: Is there anything (that) you want to say now ?现在有你所说的东西吗? The man that he watered the trees by the road yesterday is Tom?s father. 昨天在路旁浇树的那个人是汤姆的父亲。 2).关系副词:when , where , why
(1).when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。 如: It was the day when I went.是我去的那天。
(2).where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。 如:
This is the place where I have ever visited.这就是我参观过的地方。 (3).why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语(先行词往往只有reason一词)。 如: This is the reason why I didn?t come.这就是我不来的理由。 3.学习定语从句还要注意以下几点:
1).当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略,如果关系代词前有介词时,不能省略;而关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,都不能省略。 如:
Do you still remember the man (who/whom/that) we visited some years ago ? 你还记得几年前我们曾经拜访过的那个人吗?
The train that/which was going to Beijing was late.开往北京的火车晚点了。 2).关系副词可以转换为“介词+关系代词”的形式。 如:
This is the place where I was born. = This is the place which/that I was born in. = This is the place in which I was born.这就是我出生的地方。
I?ll never forget the day when we met for the first time. = I?ll never forget the day which/that we met on for the first time. = I?ll never forget the day on which we met for the first time.我将永远不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。 3).只用that引导定语从句的用法:
(1).先行词为everything , nothing , something , anything , all , little, much , few等不定代词时。 如: We should do all that is useful to the people.我们应该做一切对人民有用的事情 (2).先行词被all , every , no , some , any , little , much等修饰时。 如: You can take any seat that is free.你可以坐任何一个空位子。
(3).先行词被the only , the very , the same , the last等修饰时(先行词是人时,也可以用who/whom) Music is the only thing that interests me.音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。 (4).先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。 如:
This is the best novel that I have read.这是我所读过的最好的小说。 (5).先行词被序数词修饰时。 如:
This is your second time that you told us the story.这是你第二次给我们讲这个故事了。 (6).先行词同时含有人和物时。 如:
We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in. 我们谈论了我们所感兴趣的人和事。 (7).主句是who/whom , which引导的特殊疑问句。 如: Who is the person that is standing at the gate ?站在大门口的那个人是谁?
4).只用which引导定语从句的用法: (1).当关系代词前使用介词并且指物时。 如:
This is the train by which we went to Beijing. 这就是我们乘坐的去北京的那班列车。 (2).先行词本身就是that时。 如:
What?s that which flashed in the sky just now ? 刚才天空中一闪而过的是什么?
5).指人时,当先行词为one , everybody , anybody , everyone , anyone等不定代词时,要用who引导定语从句,而不用that。 如:
Is there anyone who can answer this question ? 有人会回答这个问题吗? 4.定语从句用法歌诀: 主句型,从句型,两种句型要完整;从句仅靠先行词,关系代副要弄清;定人用who或whom,定物which当先用;关系代词有that,定人定物有本领;定时要用副词when,定地where准
- 20 - 能行;reason在前只用why,不定代词要分明;关系代副做成分,唯作宾语可以省;that which可互换,下列情况均照办,that情况比较多,先来对你说一说:不定代词指事物,全用that准没错;先行词前有修饰,千万不要用which;要用which别着急,介词提前它出席。 5.怎样选择定语从句引导词 1).先找先行词,判断先行词是指人、物、时间还是地点。 2).判断引导词在定语从句中所起的作用,是做主语、宾语、定语还是状语。 七.
(一). 主动语态:主语是动作的执行者 语态
被动语态:主语是动作的承受者 (二). 使用被动语态口诀 动作谁做不必要,接受动作需强调,用被动语态最为妙 (三). 被动语态的结构:be + 动词的过去分词 (四). 被动语态的时态表达:被动语态有各种时态,都是靠be动词的变化来体现,只要记住be的各种时态的
变化形式,再加上动词的过去分词就可以了。 时 态 被 动 式 谓 语 结 构 一般现在时 am/is/are + 过去分词 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 一般将来时 shall/will/be going to be + 过去分词 现在进行时 am/is/are being + 过去分词 过去进行时 was/were being + 过去分词 现在完成时 have/has been + 过去分词 过去完成时 had been + 过去分词 含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词 + be + 过去分词 如:1). The machine is used now. 这台机器现在被使用。(一般现在时) 2). The machine was used yesterday. 这台机器昨天被使用了。(一般过去时) 3). The machine will be used next week. 这台机器下个星期将被使用。(一般将来时) 4). The machine is being used. 这台机器正在用着。(现在进行时)
5). The machine was being used this morning. 这台机器今天上午被用着。(过去进行时) 6). The machine has been used. 这台机器一直用着。(现在完成时)
8). The machine had been used by the end of last month. 这台机器被用到上个月末。(过去完成时) 9). The machine can be used.这台机器能用。(含情态动词的被动语态) (五). 主动语态变为被动语态的步骤
1.把原主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语。2.把原主动句的谓语动词变为被动结构即:“be + 过去分词”
3.把原主动句的主语,放在被动句的后面以by短语的形式出现,用以指明做事的人或物,如没必要指明,则
可以省略。(说明:主动语态变被动语态时,be的人称和数要根据新主语的人称和数一致,时态要与原句保持一致;当宾语是反身代词时,或谓语是表示状态的及物动词时,主动句是不能变成被动句的) 如: a). The person took care of the child. 这个人照顾这个孩子。(主动语态)
The child was taken care of by the person.这个孩子被这个人照顾。(被动语态)
b). They make bikes in that factory.他们在那家工厂生产自行车。(主动语态) 主语 谓语 宾语 状语
Bikes are made in that factory (by them).在那家工厂自行车被他们制造。 主语 谓语 状语 宾语 (六). 被动语态的用法
1. 及物动词有被动语态,不及物动词没有被动语态。 如:
a) Great changes have been taken place in our hometown these years. (错)
Great changes have taken place in our hometown these years.(正确) 我们家乡近几年发生了巨大变化。 - 21 - b). This computer is belonged to me. (错)
This computer belonged to me.(正确) 这台电脑属于我。 2. 短语动词构成被动语态时,短语不能拆开。 如:
a). My grandfather is being taken care of by us.我的爷爷被我们照顾着。 b). The task was carried out last week.这项任务在上周就被提出来了。
3. 带双宾语的主动句,变被动句时,既可以用直接宾语作主语,也可以用间接宾语作主语,但用直接宾语作
主语时,间接宾语前应加上to或for。(在动词pass , give , post , leave等词后应加上介词to , 而在动词buy , sing , cook , draw , make等词后应加介词for。) 如:
a). I?ll give her a present for her birthday. She will be given a present for her birthday by me. A present
will be given to her for birthday by me. 我将给她买一份生日礼物。
b).My brother bought me a kite. I was bought a kite by my brother. A kite was bought for me by brother. 哥哥给我买了一只风筝。
4. 不定式作see , watch , look at , hear , listen to , feel , notice , 等感官性动词或make , let , have , please等使
役性动词宾语补足语原本省去to,变被动语态时,都要加上to(let除外)(因为宾语补足语已变成主语补足语了) 如:
a). We noticed a man enter the bank.(主动语态) A man was noticed to enter the bank.(被动语态) 我们注意到了那人进入了银行。 那人被我们注意到了进入银行了
b). The big boy made the little one cry this morning. The little boy was made to cry by the one this morning. 那个大男孩今天上午把那个小男孩弄哭了。 那个小男孩今天上午被那个大男孩弄哭了。 5.情态动词的被动语态:含有情态动词的被动语态结构为“情态动词 + be + 过去分词”。含有情态动词的被
动语态的句式变换,均借助于情态动词来完成。 如:
a). Should my homework be finished before six ? 我的作业应该在六点钟之前完成吗?(一般疑问句) b). When must this work be done ? 这项工作必须在什么时候做?(特殊疑问句)
c). This bridge can be built next year , can’t it ? 这座桥明年建成,是吗?(反义疑问句) d). This work needn’t be done at once. 这项工作没必要立即做。(否定句) 6. 为了明确地表示被动语态是表示动作的,可用get来代替be动词。 如: a). My bike got(代替was) stolen.我的自行车被偷走了。 (七). 主动结构表示被动意义
1. open , lock , sell , read , write , clean , cut , wash , burn , teach , drive , shut, ride等及物动词在用作不及物动
词(相当于联系动词)时,如果主语为物,可用主动语态表示被动含义。 如: a). This kind of skirt sells well. 这款裙子卖得很好。 b). The car drives well. 这辆车很好开。
2. end , cook , do , print , copy , sell , work out等动词的现在进行时表示被动意义。 如: a). The meat is cooking. 正在煮肉。
b). The book is printing. 这本书正在印刷中。
3. look , taste , smell , sound等感观性系动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: a). The dress looks nice on you. 你穿这条裙子很漂亮。 b). The dish tastes good. 这道菜味道很好。
4. be worth doing结构中doing为主动形式表示被动意义。 如: a). The topic is well worth talking about. 这个话题值得讨论。 5. want , need , require等动词表示“需要”,后面常可跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,相当于to be done。
如:All these computers need repairing.(= All these computers need to be repaired.) 所有这些电脑都需要修理。 6. 某些表示“发生”、“爆发”或“传播”的不及物动词,如happen , break out , spread等,也可以用主动形
式表示被动意义。 如:
a). The accident happened in 2010. 事故发生在2010年。 (八). 被动语态与系表结构的区别:(一般了解)
“be + 过去分词”可能是系表结构,也可能是被动语态,其区别是:被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作,
而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态。 如: a). The letter was written yesterday. 信是昨天写的。(动作) b). The letter is written in English.信是用英文写的。(状态) c). The store is closed at five.这个商店五点钟关门。(动作)
- 22 - d). The store is closed today. 这个商店今天不开门。(状态)。 八.
1. 直接引用别人的原话叫直接引语,无需做任何改变,但书面引用时,必须加双引号;转述别人的原话叫间 接引语,一般用宾语从句或复合句来表达。 如: a). John said , “ I like reading story-books.” 约翰说:“我喜欢看故事书”(直接引语) b). John said that he liked reading story-books. 约翰说他喜欢看故事书。(间接引语) 2. 直接引语变间接引语
1). 陈述句、感叹句变成that引导的宾语从句;口语中that常常省略;句尾用句号。 如: a). He often says , “China is great.” 他常说:“中国是伟大的” He often says (that) China is great. 他常说这个是伟大的。
2). 一般疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句变成whether引导的宾语从句,口语常用if代替whether;注意用陈述语序。 如:
a). He says , “Is Tom an Englishman ?” 他说:“汤姆是英国人吗?” He asks whether/if Tom is an Englishman. 他问汤姆是否是英国人。
3). 特殊疑问句,常变成疑问词同形的引导词引导的宾语从句;用陈述语序;句尾用句号。 如: a). He said , “Where is she going ?” 他说:“她去哪了?” He asked where she was going. 他问她去哪了。 4). 祈使句,常变成带to的不定式作宾语补足语的复合宾语。并根据句子的意思在不定式的前面加上tell , ask , order等动词,其结构为:tell / ask / order sb to do sth。如果祈使句是否定句,在不定式前要加not。 如: a). “ Tom”, he said to him , “ Come here , please.” “汤姆”,他对他说,“请过来” He asked Tom to go there. 他要求汤姆去那儿。
b). Don?t smoke in the room,”he said to me.“不要在房间吸烟,”他对我说。 He told me not to smoke in the room. 他告诉我不要在房间吸烟。 5). 直接引语中的时间状语在变成间接引语时,常做如下调整。 直 接 引 语 间 接 引 语 today that day this morning/afternoon … that morning/afternoon yesterday the day before / the previous(以前的) day (the) day before yesterday two days before tomorrow the following/next day (the) day after tomorrow two days after / in two days time next week month … the next week/month … last week/month … the week/month before … now then ago before 6).其它词的转换:this变成that , these变成those , here变成there , come变成go 7). 主句的动词为过去时,直接引语变间接引语按逆推原理,时态调整如下: 直 接 引 语 转 换 成 间 例 句 接 引 语 的 时 态 变 化 直 接 引 语 间 接 引 语 一般现在时 一般过去时 He said , “ I’m afraid I can’t finish He said that he was afraid he couldn’t the work.” finish the work. 现在进行时 过去进行时 He said , “ I?m using the knife.” He said that he was using the knife 一般将来时 过去将来时 She said , “ I’ll do it after class.” She said that she would do it after class. 一般过去时 过去完成时 He said , “ I came to help you.” He said that he had come to help me. 现在完成时 过去完成时 She said , “ I’ve not heard from him She said that she had not heard from
- 23 - 过去完成时 过去完成时 since May.” him since May. He said , “ I had finished my home- He said that he had finished his home- work before supper.” work before supper. 8). 注意几点变化:
(1).陈述句中的say to sb.常变为tell , ask等带双宾语的动词;直接引语中的人称,也要作适当调整。 如: a). “ I don?t like computers,” Sarah said to her friends. “我不喜欢电脑”,塞拉对她的朋友说。 Sarah told her friends that she didn?t like computers. 塞拉告诉她的朋友她不喜欢电脑。 b). He said to me , “ Did you see him last night ?”他对我说:“你昨天晚上看到他了吗?”
He asked me whether I had seen him the night before. 他问我之前的那天晚上我是否看到她了。 (2). 疑问句中的say常变为ask , wonder(想知道) , want to know等表示疑问的词语。 如: a). “ What can I do for you ? Did he say to you ? “我能为你做些设么”他对你说了吗?
He asked/wondered/wanted to know what he could do for you. 他问/想知道它能为你做些什么。 (3). 直接引语如果是客观真理,变为间接引语时,时态不变。 如: a). He said , “ Light travels much faster than sound.” 他说:“光传播得比声音快得多”
He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播得比声音快得多。
b). “ A friend in need is a friend indeed ,” mother said to me. “患难的朋友才是真正的朋友,”妈妈对我说。
Mother told me that a friend in need is a friend indeed. 妈妈告诉我患难的朋友才是真正的朋友。
(4). 如果在当地转述,here不必改为there,动词come不必改为go;如果在当天转述,yesterday , tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。 九.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ (一). 请求、建议、询问意见
1. Would / Do you mind + sth ? 你同意/不反对/不介意某事吧?
(形容词性物主代词/宾格代词)+doing sth?你同意/不反对/不介意(某人)做某事吧? 回答: 肯定 No , of course not / Certainly not / Not at all …
否定 I?m sorry / Sorry , but … / I?m afraid you can?t. 如:
a). –Do you mind my/me smoking here ? –Of course not. 你不反对我在这里抽烟吧?-当然不。 2. had better + (not) + do… (简略式:?d better) “最好(不)做……” 如: a). You?d better go to see a doctor. 你最好去看医生。 b). You?d better not eat hot food. 你最好别吃辣的食物。
3. should/shouldn’t + do… “应该,可以”/“不应该,不可以” 如: a). You should go to see a doctor.你应该去看医生。 b). You shouldn?t stay at home.你不应该呆在家里。
4. What/How about + sth / doing sth ?“……怎么样?” 如: a). How about some rice ? 米饭怎么样?
b). What about flying a kite with me ? 和我一起放风筝怎么样?
5. Why not + do…?(是Why don?t you/we do sth?的缩略)“为什么不……” 如: 回答: 肯定 Good idea. / All right. / OK … 否定 No , let?s … 如:
a). –Why not have some milk ? 为什么不喝一些牛奶呢? -Good idea. 好主意。 6. Shall we / I + do… ?“我们/我做……好吗?” 回答: 肯定 Good idea / All right / OK / Yes , let?s …
否定 No , let?s … / No , I don?t think so. / No , I don?t think we shall … /No , let?s not …… 如:
a). –Shall we go to the park ? 我们去公园好吗? -Good idea. 好主意。 7. Let’s + do… (建议) Let us + do… (请求) “让我们做……吧” 如: a). –Let?s go to the zoo. 让我们去动物园吧。-OK. 好吧。(let?s包括说话双方在内)
b). –Mom , Let us go swimming.妈妈让我们去游泳吧。-No , it?s danger.不,太危险。(let us不包括说话的另一方) 8. Would you please (not) + do… ? “请(不要)做……好吗?”(很客气) 如: a). –Would you please not open the door ? 请你不要打开门好吗? -OK. 好的。 9. May I do… ? “我可以做……吗?” 如:
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