GPS-RTK测量方法研究与精度分析 - 图文

兰州交通大学毕业设计（论文）

GPS-RTK测量方法研究

与精度分析

Measurement Method and Precision Analysis

of the GPS-RTK

测绘与地理信息学院

测绘工程 张廷雷 201003215 李建章

2014

6

6

兰州交通大学毕业设计（论文）

摘 要

RTK(Real Time Kinematic)是一种利用GPS载波相位观测值进行实时动态相对定位的技术。RTK测量操作简便、自动化程度高、高效、方法灵活，较之于传统测量手段的众多优点，使其在城市建设、各类工程测量中越来越具有重要的作用和地位，但是，RTK测量技术也受地形、卫星、电台、测区控制点分布、转换参数求取等各种因素的制约。特别是所求转换参数的精度，在很大程度上直接决定了RTK测量结果的质量！本论文结合RTK定位技术的现状，论述了RTK测量原理、RTK定位技术的现状等，通过实验，验证分析了四种常用RTK测量模式及其精度，并在此基础上探究小范围内控制点不足的测区与周围控制点充足测区之间的坐标传递及转换方案，并探讨方案的可行性及精度，针对性提出了相应的操作流程及注意事项，分析了各方案的适用程度，进一步完善了现场特殊问题的应对方案，最后拟定相应的的数据处理及成果形成方案。

本论文讲了RTK定位技术的原理、 RTK误差来源及测量精度；陈述了复杂地形下影响RTK高程精度的因素和需要采取的相应措施；对常用四种RTK测量模式进行了探讨及精度分析；阐述了RTK定位技术的应用前景。结合校内实验阐述了测量过程中遇到的问题，提出了不同境况RTK测量存在的问题和所采取的相关方法和手段。最后对各种实测成果进行了概括论述，讲了通过实测得到的相关结论，主要包括：基准站安置到已知点和未知点以及现有控制点WGS84坐标是否已知四种情况下RTK测量精度分析、小范围内控制点不足的测区与周围控制点充足测区之间的坐标传递及转换方案可行性及精度。 关键词：GPS-RTK；测量模式；精度分析；影响因素

兰州交通大学毕业设计（论文）

Abstract

RTK (Real Time Kinematic) is a real-time dynamic relative positioning technique using a GPS carrier phase observations. RTK measurement has the advantages of simple operation, high degree of automation, high efficiency, flexible, many advantages compared with the traditional methods, in the city construction, all kinds of engineering measurement has become more and more important role, however, the RTK measurement technique is also affected by topography, satellite,radio, a test area restricted distribution, transformation parameter staking various factors. Especially the transformation precision,quality largely determines the results of RTK measurements! In this paper, combining with the current situation of RTK positioning technology, discusses the principle of RTK measurement, RTK positioning technology of the status , through the experiment,verify the analysis of four kinds of commonly used RTK measurement-model and its accuracy, and on this basis to explore within a small range of control points of test area and control points around the adequacy measurement coordinate zone between the transfer and conversion scheme, and discusses the feasibility and accuracy of the scheme, put forward the corresponding operation process and the matters needing attention, and analyzed the application degree of each scheme, and further improve the program to deal with special problem son-site, finally, draws up the corresponding data processing and results in the formation of scheme.

RTK principle, error source and the measuring accuracy of this thesis about the RTK positioning technology; representations over complex terrain factors influencing RTK height precision and corresponding measures need to be taken; on four kinds of common RTK measurement mode is analyzed and precision; application of RTK positioning technology. Combined with the experiment described in the measurement process, puts forward some methods have different circumstances RTK measurement problems and measures and means. At the end of the measured results is reviewed, about the relevant conclusions, obtained mainly includes: base station placement to the known and unknown point and the existing control point WGS84 coordinate is known to the four cases RTK measurement accuracy analysis, control measure and control points around the adequacy measurement coordinate zone between the transfer and conversion feasibility and accuracy is not enough small range KEYWORDS: GPS-RTK; Measurement model; Accuracy analysis; Influencing factors

兰州交通大学毕业设计（论文）

目录

第一章 绪论 ................................................................................................................................................... 1

第一节 引言.................................................................................................................................... 1 第二节 国内外研究现状 ................................................................................................................ 4 第三节 研究的背景及意义 ............................................................................................................ 6 第四节 研究的主要内容和目标 .................................................................................................... 8

第二章 RTK定位技术概述 ..........................................................................................................................10

第一节 GPS测量原理 ...........................................................................................................................10

一、GPS系统组成 .........................................................................................................................10 二、GPS工作原理 .........................................................................................................................11 三、GPS误差来源及应对措施 .....................................................................................................13 第二节 RTK测量原理及特点 ...............................................................................................................14

一、RTK工作原理 .........................................................................................................................14 二、求差法载波相位GPS原理及双差模型 ................................................................................15 （一）求差法................................................................................................................................15 （二）双差模型............................................................................................................................16 三、RTK测量的技术特点 ............................................................................................................. 17 第三节 RTK误差来源及处理措施 .......................................................................................................19

一、RTK的误差来源 .....................................................................................................................19 二、影响因素处理措施 ................................................................................................................ 20 第四节 RTK定位技术类型及应用前景 .............................................................................................22

一、常规RTK.................................................................................................................................22 二、网络RTK原理及分析对比 ....................................................................................................23 三、基于CORS系统的网络RTK的应用前景 .............................................................................. 25

第三章 理论公式及验证方法讨论 .............................................................................................................. 27

第一节 RTK定位结果精度验证方法及公式 ....................................................................................... 27 第二节 实验总体设计 ..........................................................................................................................28

一、静态控制网实验设计 ............................................................................................................28 二、RTK实验设计 .........................................................................................................................29 第三节 实验仪器..................................................................................................................................30

一、静态测量及RTK测量仪器 ....................................................................................................30 二、约束平差测边仪器 ................................................................................................................30

第四章 几种常用RTK模式下精度验证实验及分析 ..................................................................................32

第一节 静态控制网测量 ......................................................................................................................32

一、GPS静态网建立 ....................................................................................................................32 二、GPS静态观测 ........................................................................................................................32 第二节 控制点WGS84坐标已知时的精度验证分析 ..........................................................................35

一、基准站安置到已知点（模式一have84-y） ........................................................................35 （一）实验方案及步骤 ................................................................................................................35 （二）数据处理及精度分析 ........................................................................................................36 二、基准站安置到未知点（模式二have84-n) ..........................................................................38 （一）实验方案及步骤 ................................................................................................................38 （二）数据处理及精度分析 ........................................................................................................38

兰州交通大学毕业设计（论文）

第三节 控制点WGS84坐标未知时的精度验证分析 ..........................................................................39

一、基准站安置到已知点（模式三no84-y）............................................................................40 （一）实验方案及步骤 ................................................................................................................40 （二）数据处理及精度分析 ........................................................................................................40 二、基准站安置到未知点（模式四no84-n） ...........................................................................41 （一）实验方案及步骤 ................................................................................................................41 （二）数据处理及精度分析 ........................................................................................................41 第四节 同一工程转换参数合理利用问题 ..........................................................................................43 第五节 不同模式的综合分析 ..............................................................................................................45 总结 ............................................................................................................................................................... 47 致谢 ...............................................................................................................................................................49 参考文献 .......................................................................................................................................................50

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