财务会计专业论文 - 浅谈企业财务分析及评价外文文献(3)

河南理工大学2010届本科生毕业论文

actual financial condition at that date it is necessary to subtract the amount of the security issue from net worth, if the. issue is of stock, or from liabilities, if bonds are to be sold. A like amount must also be subtracted from assets or liabilities depending upon how the estimated proceeds of the issue are reflected in the statement.

Are the statements audited or unaudited? It is often said that audited statements, that is, complete audits rather than statements \accountants, are desirable when they can be obtained. This is true, but the statement analyst should be certain that the given auditing film's reputation is beyond reproach.

Is working-capital situation favorable?-If the comparative statements to be analyzed are reasonably adequate for the purpose, the next step is to analyze the concern's working-capital trend and position. We may begin by ascertaining the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. This ratio affords-a test of the concern's probable ability to pay current obligations without impairing its net working capital. It is, in part, a measure of ability to borrow additional working capital or to renew short-term loans without difficulty. The larger the excess of current assets over current liabilities the smaller the risk of loss to short-term creditors and the better the credit of the business, other things being equal. A ratio of two dollars of current assets to one dollar of current liabilities is the \ratio generally considered satisfactory, assuming all current assets are conservatively valued and all current liabilities revealed.

The rule-of-thumb current ratio is not a satisfactory test of working-capital position and trend. A current ratio of less than two dollars for one dollar may be adequate, or a current ratio of more than two dollars for one dollar may be inadequate. It depends, for one thing, upon the liquidity of the current assets.

The liquidity of current assets varies with cash position.-The larger the proportion of current assets in the form of cash the more liquid are the current assets as a whole. Generally speaking, cash should equal at least 20 per cent of total current liabilities (divide cash by total current liabilities). Bankers typically require a concern to maintain bank balances equal to 20 per cent of credit lines whether used or unused. Open-credit lines are not shown on the balance sheet, hence the total of current liabilities (instead of notes payable to banks) is used in testing cash position. Like the

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河南理工大学2010届本科生毕业论文

two-for-one current ratio, the 20 per cent cash ratio is more or less a rule-of-thumb standard.

The cash balance that will be satisfactory depends upon terms of sale, terms of purchase, and upon inventory turnover. A firm selling goods for cash will find cash inflow more nearly meeting cash outflow than will a firm selling goods on credit. A business which pays cash for all purchases will need more ready money than one which buys on long terms of credit. The more rapidly the inventory is sold the more nearly will cash inflow equal cash outflow, other things equal.

Needs for cash balances will be affected by the stage of the business cycle. Heavy cash balances help to sustain bank credit and pay expenses when a period of liquidation and depression depletes working capital and brings a slump in sales. The greater the effects of changes in the cycle upon a given concern the more thought the financial executive will need to give to the size of his cash balances.

Differences in financial policies between different concerns will affect the size of cash balances carried. One concern may deem it good policy to carry as many open-bank lines as it can get, while another may carry only enough lines to meet reasonably certain needs for loans. The cash balance of the first firm is likely to be much larger than that of the second firm.

The liquidity of current assets varies with ability to meet \of current assets varies with the ratio of cash, salable securities, notes and accounts receivable (less adequate reserves for bad debts), to total current liabilities (divide the total of the first four items by total current liabilities). This is the so-called \of the liquidity of current condition. A ratio of I:I is considered satisfactory since current liabilities can readily be paid and creditors risk nothing on the uncertain values of merchandise inventory. A less than 1:1 ratio may be adequate if receivables are quickly collected and if inventory is readily and quickly sold, that is, if its turnover is rapid and if the risks of changes in price are small.

The liquidity of current assets varies with liquidity of receivables. This may be ascertained by dividing annual sales by average receivables or by receivables at the close of the year unless at that date receivables do not represent the normal amount of credit extended to customers. Terms of sale must be considered in judging the

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河南理工大学2010届本科生毕业论文

turnover of receivables. For example, if sales for the year are $1,200,000 and average receivables amount to $100,000, the turn over of receivables is $1,200,000/$100,000=12. Now, if credit terms to customers are net in thirty days we can see that receivables are paid promptly. Consideration should also be given market conditions and the stage of the business cycle. Terms of credit are usually longer in farming sections than in industrial centers. Collections are good in prosperous times but slow in periods of crisis and liquidation.

Trends in the liquidity of receivables will also be reflected in the ratio of accounts receivable to notes receivable, in cases where goods are typically sold on open account. A decline in this ratio may indicate a lowering of credit standards since notes receivable are usually given to close overdue open accounts. If possible, a schedule of receivables should be obtained showing those not due, due, and past due thirty, sixty, and ninety days. Such a, schedule is of value in showing the efficiency of credits and collections and in explaining the trend in turnover of receivables. The more rapid the turnover of receivables the smaller the risk of loss from bad debts; the greater the savings of interest on the capital invested in receivables, and the higher the profit on total capital, other things being equal.

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河南理工大学2010届本科生毕业论文

财务管理与财务报表分析

作者: C. O. Hardy and S. P. Meech

财务管理和财务分析是财务学科中的应用工具。本书的写作目的在于交流基本的财务管理和财务分析知识。本书用于那些有能力的财务初学者，帮助他们了解财务决策和企业如何做出财务决策。

通过对本书的学习，你将了解我们是如何理解财务的。我们所说的财务决策作为公司所做决策的一部分，不是一个被分离出来的功能。财务决策的做出协调了企业会计部、市场部和生产部等各部门。

无论企业的形式和规模如何，财务原理和财务工具均适用。就像对小规模的私营企业而言存在如何筹资的问题，大企业面临所有权和经营权分离时出现的代理问题。不管公司的规模和形式是如何的，公司财务管理的基本原理是一样的。例如，无论是独资企业做出的决策还是大企业做出的决策，今天一美元的价值都高于未来一美元的价值。

我们所说的财务原理和财务工具适用于全球的企业，不仅限于美国的企业。虽然国家习惯和法律可能与国家的原则理论存在着不同，但财务管理用到的工具是一样的。例如，在评估是否要买一个特殊设备的价值时，你需要评估企业未来现金流的发生（设备成本和支出的时间和设备的不确定性），这个企业位于美国、英国还是在其他的地方?

此外，我们相信拥有强大的财务原理和数学相关工具的依据对于你了解如何做出投资和财务决策十分必要。但是建立这种依据比不费力。我们试图帮你建立这种依据的途径是通过直觉提出财务原理和财务理论。而不是原理和证据，例如，我们引导你通过数字和真实例子对资本结构原理产生直觉，而不是利用公式和证据。再者我们试图帮助你通过仔细的逐步的例子和大量数据处理财务工具。

财务管理和财务分析分为7个部分。前两个部分（第一部分和第二部分）涉及到基础部分，它包括财务管理、估价原则的目标以及风险和回报之间的关系。财务决策涉及到第三、四、五部分的内容，我们提出了长期投资管理（通常被称为资本预算）的长期来源、管理和资金管理工作。第六部分涉及到财务报表分析，它包括财务比率的分析，盈利分析和现金流量分析。最后一个部分

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河南理工大学2010届本科生毕业论文

（第七部分）涉及到一些专业论题：国际财务管理，金融结构性金融交易（例如资产证券化），项目融资，设备租赁贷款和财务规划策略。

逻辑结构，本文从基本原理和工具开始，接着提出长期投资和财务决策。前两个部分摆出基本原理；第三部分接着关注于资产负债表的左侧（资产部分）和第四部分在资产负债表的右侧（负债和所有者权益部分）。营运资本决策要支持日常的公司经营，在第五部分讨论。第六部分提供了企业财务报表的分析工具。在本书的最后一个部分，你又被带回到财务管理的目标：股东权益最大化。

图例，数学概念利用表格和插图在视觉上被仔细谨慎动态的描述。例如我们指出银行的资产负债增长率通过复利的方式，在数学上表示为次数和柱状图。

实用性，我们尽可能地要通过实务例子提出的概念和数学公式。例如，我们首先提出财务分析要通过假设一个公司的简化财务报表。最后，你会学到基础的使用假设的公司数据，我们通过沃尔玛超市的数据来证明分析工具，真实的案例帮助我们更好的理解和记住主要的概念和工具。我们对本书中100个真实的公司的案例求积，你不会希望错过它们。考虑到本书案例和研究问题和难题，你将看到无数的真实公司数据覆盖大量的财务报表分析的内容。而大部分的文章只提供一些财务报表分析的内容，我们在本书的第六部分提供给你更多的描述。在第六部分的第六章和第三章主要讲解财务报表分析。

覆盖大量的可供选择的债券工具。由于债券市场的改革，出现了由企业发行的可供选择形式的债券工具。在第15章中，向你介绍了三种工具。我们然后致力于第一章提出的由企业负债发行的最具流动性的可供选择企业债券，企业首次发行的资产有价证券。 覆盖项目租赁和项目资金融资。我们提供深度的项目租赁的内容在本书的第27章，阐明项目租赁的利弊，你在本书中会频繁的看到和专业的项目资金融资。项目融资的增长十分重要不仅对企业而言，对为了追求发展基础设施的国家也十分的重要。在第28章，本书提供了便于理解项目融资的基本原理。

早期介绍衍生工具。衍生工具（期货、交换物、期权）在理财中发挥着重要作用。在第4章向你介绍这些工具。而衍生工具被看作是复杂的工具，通过介绍将让你明确它们的基础投资工具特征。在早期介绍的衍生工具时，你可以接受那些评估隐含期权带来的困难（第9章）那些在资本预算中隐含的期权（第14章），以及如何运用隐含期权来减少成本及负债（第15章）。 独立的章节。

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