语言学笔记(上课的笔记)(2)

? Implicature（暗含关系）

5.6 Three Theoretical Approach（了解第一个就可以了，其他的两个晓得名字就OK~） 5.6.1 Componential analysis（成分分析）

? Componential analysis claims that all lexical items can be analyzed into a set of semantic components or semantic features which may be universal.

? The problems:It is not easy to show relations of antonymy or oppositeness of meaning. 5.6.2 Semantic Field Theory ? A semantic field is a group of lexemes.(词位) 5.6.3 Cognitive Semantics（认知语义学） ? It identifies meaning with conceptualization-the structure and processes which are part of mental experience.

CHAPTER 6 PRAGMATICS

6.1 The definition of pragmatics

? Pragmatics can be defined as the study of language in use. 6.2 The scope of pragmatics

? Micropragmatics（微观语用学）

The study of language use in smaller contexts. Phenomena such as reference（指称）, deixis（指示）, anaphora（回指） and presupposition（预设） are the topics in this field.

? In pragmatics, reference can be defined as an act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something.

? In semantics, reference is often assumed that the words we use to indentify things are in some direct relationship to those things.

? Macropragmatics（宏观语用学） ? Metapragmatics（元语用学） 6.3 Pragmatic theories

6.3.1 Speech act theory（言语行为理论）（晓得名字，记到一个例子就可以了~~）

? Speech act theory was proposed by J. L. Austin , which proposed that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used to “do things”, to perform acts.

A. locutionary act（言中行为）: the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference

B. Illocutionary act（言外行为）: the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it.

C. Perlocutionary act（言后行为）: the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances. e.g. The weather is fine.

言中行为：仅仅是描述天气好

言外行为：天气那么好，我们逃课嘛去逛街嘛 言后行为：我们没有去上课，去逛街去了~~

6.3.2 Searl's classification of illocutionary acts（塞尔对言外行为的分类）（记名字和类型） ? Representatives（阐述类）：statements of fact, assertions, conclusions, and descriptions ? Directives（指令类）：They are commands, orders, requests, suggestions ? Commissives（承诺类）：They are promises, threats, refusals, and pledges. ? Expressives（表达类）：They are apologizing，thanking，congratulating. ? Declarations（宣告类）：The speaker has to have a special institutioanl role, in specific context, in order to perform a declaration appropriately.

6.3.3 Indirect speech act（间接言语行为） ? 三种基本句子形式及其对应功能：

Declarative(陈述句) => statement Interrogative（疑问句） => question Imperative（祈使句） => command

? 当句子形式与其基本功能不相互对应时，则此时即发生了“间接言语行为” 6.3.4 The cooperative principle（合作原则）

6.3.4.1 The cooperative principle and its maxims（合作原则及准则）比较重要，都记一下嘛`~~ ? The Maxim of Quality（质量原则）：Try to make your contribution one that is true (i) Do not say what you believe to be false;

(ii) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. ? Maxim of Quantity（数量原则）：

(i) Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purposes of the exchange) . (ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than required. ? Maxim of Relation（相关原则）: Be relative. ? Maxim of Manner（礼貌原则）: Be perspicuous. (i) Avoid obscurity of expression. (ii) Avoid ambiguity. (iii) Be brief. (iv) Be orderly.

6.3.4.2 Conversational implicature（话语暗示）

? Conversational implicature is a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.

?According to Grice, conversational implicatures can arise from either strictly and directly observing or deliberately and ostentatiously flouting the maxims. 6.3.5 The politeness principle（礼貌原则）（呜呜~我也不晓得这个重要不，还是了解一下嘛~~） ? Tact Maxim （得体原则） a) Minimize cost to other b) Maximize benefit to other ? Generosity Maxim（慷慨原则） a) Minimize benefit to self b) Maximize cost to self ]

? Approbation Maxim（赞扬原则） a) Minimize dispraise of other b) Maximize praise of other ? Modesty Maxim（谦虚原则） a) Minimize praise of self b) Maximize dispraise of self ? Agreement Maxim（赞同原则） a) Minimize disagreement between self and other b) Maximize agreement between self and other ? Sympathy Maxim （同情原则） a) Minimize antipathy between self and other b) Maximize sympathy between self and other

CHAPTER 11 SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION(二语习得) （还木有上完哈，我不晓得那些是重点，上完了补给你们哈~~）

? Second Language Acquisition (SLA): refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second

language subsequent to his native language.

? Target language (TL)(目的语): the language which a person is learning, in contrast to a first language or mother tongue.

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