的模式不外乎这样几种：a)句子A直接导向句子B(A leads to B.)；b)句子B和句子A正好相反(B is the opposite of A.)；c)句子A和句子B同属一个相关的事件群(A and B both belong to the samesgroupsof related events.)；d)事件A发生在事件B身上(A happens to B.)；e)事件A之所以发生是因为事件B(A happens because of B.)。
７. 千万不要在一个描述中试图说太多的事情，学会只选择一件事情来说(talk about only one thing)。另外，要保证你描述中的每一句话紧紧扣住主题(stick to your subject)，不要涉及毫不相关或关系不大的其他细节(focus on the one thing)。收尾要出人意料、引人入胜(make the end interesting)。
８. 下面我们仔细比较几个具体例子来消化以上的论述。
例一：Can computers in the classroom ever replace teachers? (the lead) ——同意或反对意见
——举出事实和数据{logical flow} ——相互争论观点
\his classroom, \I'd take a good teacher without computers over a poor one with computers, every time.\例二：(1) 对一只宠物狗的两种描述 Version A
We have a dog. Her name is Beauty. She is a bulldog (一种脖子粗，性凶猛的狗). She has a pretty face. She likes to catch rats.
评点：这一描述中出现的事件太多，不集中。Too many things about a pet dog! Version B
One night when I was about to go to bed, my dog Bud gotsintosthe kitchen. He saw a box of cornstarch (淀粉) on the shelf. He jumped up and knocked it all over himself. In the morning when I saw Bud, he was as white as a ghost.评点：只围绕一件事描述。Focus on one event. Stick to the subject.
免费英语水平测试：http://www.e-say.com.cn/favour/86774618 (2) 描述一个星期六
Version A
Saturday I helped my mother clean house. Then I ran on some errands(跑腿办事). When father came home at noon, he gave me ten bucks(美元). In the afternoon I went to a movie. The movie was terrible. I didn't enjoy it so much as the one I saw last Saturday. Next Saturday I am going again.
评点：描述乏味，事件太多，多数句子没能紧扣主题，结尾无趣。Subject is not interesting. Not all the sentences stick to the subject. Too many things. The ending is boring. Version B
Saturday my brother Tom said he would teach me to skate. So he let me take hold of a stick. Then he would pull me along. Once he let go of me. He thought it was fun to see me fall, but I didn't see the joke.
评点：题材有趣，所有的句子围绕滑冰一件事来说，结尾出人意料。Interesting subject. Every sentence is talking about skating. The ending gives surprise. (3) 描述放学回家的过程 Version A
Yesterday I went home from school. I saw many cars. I also saw some large trucks. I went home with my brother. We were very late when we made it home.评点：事与事之间无联系，没有统一的主题。 Version B
Yesterday noon I saw a girl who had trouble with her car. She stopped at a street crossing (路口). When the traffic cop signaled(给信号) to go, she couldn't start(起动). There was a long line of cars behind her. After a while she finally started her car. I think she was frightened to death.
评点：主题突出，句子紧凑，只围绕一件事说，结尾有总结性观点。 ９. 中国同学训练自己的英文描述能力时应按以下步骤进行： A 想清楚要表达的主题。
B 用逻辑流程图展示描述的结构，并且检验这一结构是否有效地组织了事件。 C 用有意思的细节扩展完成这一流程图。
——英、汉转换时应当注意的几个问题
１. 英、汉双语之间的转换发生在三个层面，即：声音层面（sound）、句子结构层面（grammar）和意义层面（meaning）。由于英、汉两种语言代表着两种不同的思维方式，因此在进行它们之间的转换（或更高标准：口译）时，学习者应把握两种语言的重要思维差异。 ２. 句子是语言中表达意义的基本单位。英、汉两种语言的句子都可以静态地这样来看待：每个句子至少包含一个子句（clause）；每个子句至少是由一个短语（phrase）构成；每个短语至少含有一个词（word）；每个词至少由一个词素（morpheme，例如：threatening可拆解成threat+en+ing；railway可拆解成rail+way）组成。
３. 英、汉两种语言中句子的主要成分都是“主语”+“谓语”，例如：（汉）我‖看过这部电影。这个句子中“我”是主语，“看过”是谓语；（English）I saw the movie.这个句子中“I”是主语，“saw”是谓语。从大的方面来说，英、汉两种语言是相似的，即通常都是先说主语后说谓语。两种语言的重要区别则发生在连带成分（宾语和补语）和附加成分（定语和状语）上。例如：“你在学什么？”“我在学英语。“这里，“什么”和“英语”都是宾语。比较英语中的说法：What are you studying? I am studying English. “你在哪儿学？”“我在学校学。”这里的“在哪儿”和“在学校”都是补足谓语动词意思的“补语”。比较英语中的说法：Where do you study? I study in school.简单的定语和状语使用的习惯，两种语言无大差别，如：好小伙子/a nice fellow；很幸福/very happy。区别出现在定语和状语变得复杂的时候，如：He had four sons that became lawyers. 比较：他有四个当律师的儿子。He's coming downstairs with two sleeping bags over the top of his head.比较：他头上顶着两个睡袋走下楼梯。
４. 从前引例句中我们稍做总结：主语+谓语是两种语言共享的结构，因此双语之间转换时主语+谓语这一基本顺序（倒装只是特例）便是两种语言表达时的重心。当涉及到连带成分和附加成分时要注意两种语言在表达层面上的差异，成分简单，两种语言表达时区别不大；成分复杂，两种语言表达时区别较大，应引起充分的注意。
５. 汉语大致来说呈现出一种信息平面逐一堆砌的语言特点，并且这一“堆砌”是按照从外在特征出发最后到达事物本质的顺序进行的。例如：（汉）“阿道夫·希特勒是一个奥地利海关小职员的第三次婚姻中所生的第三个孩子，这个奥地利海关小职员是个私生子。”而英文则更加强调信息的立体层次感，即一定要把信息依照重要性分层揭示出来，重要性呈递减的方式而不是像汉语呈递增的方式，如：（English） Adolf Hitler was the third son （第三 个孩子）of the third marriage （第三次婚姻）of a minor Austrian customs official（海关职员）who（这个小职员） had been born an illegitimate child. 用图表可以清晰地表现这一信息层次：
（English）Adolf Hitler was -->the third son -->of the third marriage -->of a minor Austrian customs official-->who had been born an illegitimate -->child.
（汉语）阿道夫-希特勒是-->一个奥地利海关小职员的（这个奥地利海关小职员是个私生子）-->第三次婚姻中所生的-->第三个孩子。
６. 从上可以看出，汉语转换成英语时，突出重要信息的深层次结构是十分关键的；而英语转换成汉语时往往需要颠倒这一深层次结构，即用一种相反的顺序传达出来。
７. 从句法层次看，汉语即使是复合句也比英文的句子结构层次简单（浅）。有人曾经开玩笑说，德国哲学家康德著作的英译本难读是因为一个句子中包含了太多的子句（clause），当你看到第一层次的子句时用一个指头按住，看到第二层次的子句时再用一个指头按住，等你用完了全部十个指头，一环套一环的子句还没有标注完，就像魔术师手中神奇的套盒从大到小像是永远没有穷尽。写《威克菲尔牧师》（The Vicar of Wakefield）的十八世纪爱尔兰著名诗人、剧作家、小说家Oliver Goldsmith （1728-1774）用相反的、子句前叠加子句的方法写出了一篇有趣的儿童韵文故事名篇，故事是这样递进的： ①This is the House that Jack built.
②This is the Malt（麦芽）, that lay in the House that Jack built.
③This is the Rat（大老鼠）, that ate the Malt, that lay in the House that Jack built. ④This is the Cat, that killed the Rat, that ate the Malt, that lay in the House that Jack built. ⑤This is the Dog, that worried the Cat, that killed the Rat, that ate the Malt, that lay in the House that Jack built. ??
（最后一句滚雪球似地演变成了）：This is the Farmer who sowed （播种，种）the corn, that fed the Cock（公鸡） that crowed （打鸣，叫）in the morn（早晨）, that waked the Priest （神父）all shaven（刮过脸的） and shorn（剪过发的）, that married （为??主持婚礼）the Man all tattered（衣着破烂的） and torn, that kissed the Maiden all forlorn（孤独无助的）, that milked（挤奶） the Cow with the crumpled （弯扭的）horn, that tossed（将??挑起来，高抛） the Dog, that worried the Cat, that killed the Rat, that ate the Malt, that lay in the House that Jack built.
免费英语水平测试：http://www.e-say.com.cn/favour/86774618
如果你能迅速用口语体把这一故事转换成通顺的汉语，就会马上领悟两种语言的差异。
８. 最后再提示大家两点：英文的书面语和口语从句法结构层次讲也有差别。书面语多用层次较深的复合句，就像上面我们举过的例子；而口语表达为了让听者在没有文本参照的情况下清晰地捕捉住信息，通常会采用以“and”一词将若干个简单句连接成的并列句这一扁平形式:
例如：[1] So I signed the contract and the phone rang and the guy was from a Chicago paper and said, “Tell me, is it Miss or Ms.?”
[2] I had come to a model agency one cold day, and an agent came out and said, “I want you to enter a beauty contest.”
口语表达中复合句通常也只使用含有一层子句的形式： 例如：[1] I never sign anything that I don't read.
[2] You prepare that one brief and file that one complaint and go before the jury and get twenty-five bucks for a kid that's had his skull split open by five police officers.
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