基于单片机的红外自动计数器的设计(6)

陕西理工学院毕业设计

参考文献

[1] 王松德，朱小龙．对射式红外线计数器的设计[J].农业机械学报，2005，36（7）.(P168～P170) [2] 王松德，梁会琴，王丹．红外线计数器的设计与制作[J].农机化研究，2005，5期.(P158～P160) [3] 陈永甫．红外探测与控制电路[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2004.6.(P45～P47)

[4] 谢洪．用单片机控制红外编码探测障碍物[J].单片机与嵌入式系统应用，2007，8期.(P63～P65) [5] 朱金刚，潘志东．基于51系列单片机的串行口扩展技术[J].电测与仪表，2003，40（3）.(P41～P42) [6] 戴培山，冯成德，刘栋．基于keil+c51的红外遥控器解码设计[J].自动化与仪器仪表，2003，6期.(P11～P13)

[7] 王松德，姚丽萍，朱小龙，张须欣．近红外传感器在无线遥控计数系统中的应用[J].光谱学与光谱分析，2009.12,23（4）.(P1743～P1745)

[8] 王礼广，胡解生，熊东平，肖秀如．基于RS一485的静脉注射网络监控系统的设计与实验[J]. 南华大学学报，2008，27（9）.(P75～P76)

[9] 梅海峰．红外线光电计数器的设计及制作[J].大氮肥，2005，28（5）.(P356～P358) [10] 铁牛．简易红外线人数统计器[J].实用影音技术，2005，9期.(P69～P73) [11] 杨汉祥，张琦．红外计数器的设计[J].科技广场，2009 ，7期.(P187～190)

[12] 段晨东，爨莹，张文革，李斌．单片机原理及接口技术[M]．第一版．清华大学出版社，2008年7月.(P156～P160)

[13] D．Pearl mutter，Eerily，LA．Meir，H．Di，Refine the use of the evaporation in an experimentaldown-draft cool tower，Energys．1995.6(P191～P197)

[14] rtori S，ZHANG G X．Geometric Error Measurement and Compensation of Machines．Annals Of the CIRP．1995.5 (P660～P675)

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陕西理工学院毕业设计

附录A 外文翻译

英文文献

Progress in Computers

Prestige Lecture delivered to IEE, Cambridge, on 5 February 2004 Maurice Wilkes Computer Laboratory University of Cambridge

The first stored program computers began to work around 1950. The one we built in Cambridge, the EDSAC was first used in the summer of 1949.

These early experimental computers were built by people like myself with varying backgrounds. We all had extensive experience in electronic engineering and were confident that that experience would stand us in good stead. This proved true, although we had some new things to learn. The most important of these was that transients must be treated correctly; what would cause a harmless flash on the screen of a television set could lead to a serious error in a computer.

As far as computing circuits were concerned, we found ourselves with an embarass de richess. For example, we could use vacuum tube diodes for gates as we did in the EDSAC or pentodes with control signals on both grids, a system widely used elsewhere. This sort of choice persisted and the term families of logic came into use. Those who have worked in the computer field will remember TTL, ECL and CMOS. Of these, CMOS has now become dominant.

In those early years, the IEE was still dominated by power engineering and we had to fight a number of major battles in order to get radio engineering along with the rapidly developing subject of

electronics.dubbed in the IEE light current electrical engineering.properly recognised as an activity in its own right. I remember that we had some difficulty in organising a conference because the power engineers’ ways of doing things were not our ways. A minor source of irritation was that all IEE published papers were expected to start with a lengthy statement of earlier practice, something difficult to do when there was no earlier practice

Consolidation in the 1960s

By the late 50s or early 1960s, the heroic pioneering stage was over and the computer field was

starting up in real earnest. The number of computers in the world had increased and they were much more reliable than the very early ones . To those years we can ascribe the first steps in high level languages and the first operating systems. Experimental time-sharing was beginning, and ultimately computer graphics was to come along.

Above all, transistors began to replace vacuum tubes. This change presented a formidable challenge to

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陕西理工学院毕业设计

the engineers of the day. They had to forget what they knew about circuits and start again. It can only be said that they measured up superbly well to the challenge and that the change could not have gone more smoothly.

Soon it was found possible to put more than one transistor on the same bit of silicon, and this was the beginning of integrated circuits. As time went on, a sufficient level of integration was reached for one chip to accommodate enough transistors for a small number of gates or flip flops. This led to a range of chips known as the 7400 series. The gates and flip flops were independent of one another and each had its own pins. They could be connected by off-chip wiring to make a computer or anything else.

These chips made a new kind of computer possible. It was called a minicomputer. It was something less that a mainframe, but still very powerful, and much more affordable. Instead of having one expensive mainframe for the whole organisation, a business or a university was able to have a minicomputer for each major department.

Before long minicomputers began to spread and become more powerful. The world was hungry for computing power and it had been very frustrating for industry not to be able to supply it on the scale required and at a reasonable cost. Minicomputers transformed the situation.

The fall in the cost of computing did not start with the minicomputer; it had always been that way. This was what I meant when I referred in my abstract to inflation in the computer industry ‘going the other way’. As time goes on people get more for their money, not less.

Research in Computer Hardware.

The time that I am describing was a wonderful one for research in computer hardware. The user of the 7400 series could work at the gate and flip-flop level and yet the overall level of integration was sufficient to give a degree of reliability far above that of discreet transistors. The researcher, in a university or elsewhere, could build any digital device that a fertile imagination could conjure up. In the Computer Laboratory we built the Cambridge CAP, a full-scale minicomputer with fancy capability logic.

The 7400 series was still going strong in the mid 1970s and was used for the Cambridge Ring, a

pioneering wide-band local area network. Publication of the design study for the Ring came just before the announcement of the Ethernet. Until these two systems appeared, users had mostly been content with teletype-based local area networks.

Rings need high reliability because, as the pulses go repeatedly round the ring, they must be

continually amplified and regenerated. It was the high reliability provided by the 7400 series of chips that gave us the courage needed to embark on the project for the Cambridge Ring.

The RISC Movement and Its Aftermath

Early computers had simple instruction sets. As time went on designers of commercially available machines added additional features which they thought would improve performance. Few comparative measurements were done and on the whole the choice of features depended upon the designer’s intuition.

In 1980, the RISC movement that was to change all this broke on the world. The movement opened with a paper by Patterson and Ditzel entitled The Case for the Reduced Instructions Set Computer.

Apart from leading to a striking acronym, this title conveys little of the insights into instruction set design which went with the RISC movement, in particular the way it facilitated pipelining, a system

whereby several instructions may be in different stages of execution within the processor at the same time. Pipelining was not new, but it was new for small computers

The RISC movement benefited greatly from methods which had recently become available for

estimating the performance to be expected from a computer design without actually implementing it. I refer to the use of a powerful existing computer to simulate the new design. By the use of simulation, RISC

advocates were able to predict with some confidence that a good RISC design would be able to out-perform the best conventional computers using the same circuit technology. This prediction was ultimately born out

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陕西理工学院毕业设计

in practice.

Simulation made rapid progress and soon came into universal use by computer designers. In

consequence, computer design has become more of a science and less of an art. Today, designers expect to have a roomful of, computers available to do their simulations, not just one. They refer to such a roomful by the attractive name of computer farm.

The x86 Instruction Set

Little is now heard of pre-RISC instruction sets with one major exception, namely that of the Intel 8086 and its progeny, collectively referred to as x86. This has become the dominant instruction set and the RISC instruction sets that originally had a considerable measure of success are having to put up a hard fight for survival.

This dominance of x86 disappoints people like myself who come from the research wings.both

academic and industrial.of the computer field. No doubt, business considerations have a lot to do with the survival of x86, but there are other reasons as well. However much we research oriented people would like to think otherwise. high level languages have not yet eliminated the use of machine code altogether. We need to keep reminding ourselves that there is much to be said for strict binary compatibility with previous usage when that can be attained. Nevertheless, things might have been different if Intel’s major attempt to produce a good RISC chip had been more successful. I am referring to the i860 (not the i960, which was something different). In many ways the i860 was an excellent chip, but its software interface did not fit it to be used in a workstation.

There is an interesting sting in the tail of this apparently easy triumph of the x86 instruction set. It proved impossible to match the steadily increasing speed of RISC processors by direct implementation of the x86 instruction set as had been done in the past. Instead, designers took a leaf out of the RISC book; although it is not obvious, on the surface, a modern x86 processor chip contains hidden within it a RISC-style processor with its own internal RISC coding. The incoming x86 code is, after suitable massaging, converted into this internal code and handed over to the RISC processor where the critical execution is performed.

In this summing up of the RISC movement, I rely heavily on the latest edition of Hennessy and

Patterson’s books on computer design as my supporting authority; see in particular Computer Architecture, third edition, 2003, pp 146, 151-4, 157-8.

The IA-64 instruction set.

Some time ago, Intel and Hewlett-Packard introduced the IA-64 instruction set. This was primarily intended to meet a generally recognised need for a 64 bit address space. In this, it followed the lead of the designers of the MIPS R4000 and Alpha. However one would have thought that Intel would have stressed compatibility with the x86; the puzzle is that they did the exact opposite.

Moreover, built into the design of IA-64 is a feature known as predication which makes it

incompatible in a major way with all other instruction sets. In particular, it needs 6 extra bits with each instruction. This upsets the traditional balance between instruction word length and information content, and it changes significantly the brief of the compiler writer.

In spite of having an entirely new instruction set, Intel made the puzzling claim that chips based on IA-64 would be compatible with earlier x86 chips. It was hard to see exactly what was meant.

Chips for the latest IA-64 processor, namely, the Itanium, appear to have special hardware for compatibility. Even so, x86 code runs very slowly.

Because of the above complications, implementation of IA-64 requires a larger chip than is required for more conventional instruction sets. This in turn implies a higher cost. Such at any rate, is the received wisdom, and, as a general principle, it was repeated as such by Gordon Moore when he visited Cambridge recently to open the Betty and Gordon Moore Library. I have, however, heard it said that the matter appears

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陕西理工学院毕业设计

differently from within Intel. This I do not understand. But I am very ready to admit that I am completely out of my depth as regards the economics of the semiconductor industry.

AMD have defined a 64 bit instruction set that is more compatible with x86 and they appear to be making headway with it. The chip is not a particularly large one. Some people think that this is what Intel should have done. [Since the lecture was delivered, Intel have announced that they will market a range of chips essentially compatible with those offered by AMD.

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