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C. 如果直接引用所涉及到的作者有多位，除遵守以上A，B两条外，其他规则与间接引用相同。

D. 直接引文的字数如少于40英文单词，引文直接放到段落中。如果引文超过49个英文单词，引文单独成段，段落用“齐头式”，整个段落缩行5个空格 (如果引文还有第二段，整个段落还要再缩行5个空格)，引文不需引号。如引文中已有引号，保留原来的引号。

例：Raymond William explains that the word career has all but lost its original meaning.

Career is now so regularly used to describe a person’s progress in life， or， by derivation from this， his pofession or vocation that it is difficult to remember， in the same context， its original meaning of a recourse and a gallop—though in some contexts， as in the phrase “Careering about，” these survive.

Career appeared in English . . .

E. 引用诗歌， 如少于两行， 直接引入行文中，两行间用斜线分开， 行首的大写应保持，引用部分加双引号； 如超过两行， 则按直接引用规则D 处理。

例：In his “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty，” Shelly personifies the immaterial， spiritual world： “The awful shadow of some unseen Power / Floats though unseen among us.”

In “Song of Myself，” Walt Whitman uses the dictation and rhythm of natural speech.

A child said What is the grass？ fetching it to me with full hands；

How could I answer the child？ I do not know what it is any more than he.

I guess it must be the flag of my disposition， out hopeful green stuff woven. F. 引用小说

如果论文是有关小说评论，因一般都需从同一小说中反复引用，为方便起见，在第一次引用后用圆括弧注明页码，在加一个尾注，用上标标出，字体字

号与正文同。尾注说明格式如下例。以后每次从该小说引用后， 只注明页码即可， 毋需再加尾注。

例：In six months’ time， he was tramped into marriage with her， though “he had no respect for her.” (p. 40)1

尾注格式：

1. All the quotations from the novel are taken from ： Thomas Hardy. Jude the Obscure. Oxford： OUP. 1991

G. 如要对直接引文进行某些省略，省略部分如在引文中间，用英语省略号表示；如省略发生在一个完整句之后， 除非后面还有引文，否则毋需省略号，如下面第二例。

例： 原文： In the western farm states the Granger movement， organized in 1869 as The Patron of Husbandry， was able to force regulatory legislation through some state legislatures.

省略后的引用： According to Margaret G. Meyers， “the Granger movement . . . was able to force regulatory legislation through some states legislatures.”

原文： A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds， adored by little statesmen， philosophers and divine.

省略后的引用： Emerson advocated the courage to change one’s mind when he said that “a little foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.” (原文中的逗号也省去)

H. 为了合乎语法的需要，可以改变引文句首的大小写，当然也可保持原来的大小写不变。

例：Kitto asserts， “the Greek instinct was the opposite， to take the widest view.” (引文中的第一个冠词大写的T改为小写 t)

I. 除上述规则G外，如要对直接引语做任何你认为是必要的改动，都必须加以说明，说明加方括弧。一般有以下几种情况：

a. 如引文中本身有错误，可以在错误的后面立即加方括弧来改正错误，或是在引文结束的地方用方括弧加“sic”，(“sic”在拉丁文中是“原文如此”的意思)

例：Doe added， “the affects [effects] of radiation exceeded our estimates.” John Doe explained， “The results of the 1988 experiment were quite amassing [sic].” (原文中的时间上出错，正确的时间应是1986年。)

b. 用方括弧加说明表示是原文中就有斜体的强调部分或是自己加上的斜体以示强调：

例：Rubin (1987) more explicitly states the importance of studying students’ beliefs in her review of the research on learner strategy：

. . . to better understand how learner strategies come to be used， it is essential that we account for a Lerner’s knowledge about language and his/her beliefs about the learning process because his knowledge can form the basis for selecting and activating one strategy over another [italics added] (p. 19).

c. 如果担心读者对引文中的代词指代不清楚，可以用方括弧加以说明： 例：In the preface， the author claims “This [“The Three Languages”] is the story of an adolescent whose needs are not understood by his father.”

1.3 转引 (the quotation from a source other than the original)

如果你的引用不是从原著中获得，而是来自二手资料，你就需要在引用完后用圆括弧注明来源，在来源前加上“qtd in” 的字样。在参考文献目录部分，你就按引用的实际出处撰写条目。

例：Gothe wrote that “it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects” (qtd in Newman， 1958， p. 104).

(参考文献目录部分： Newman， E.. 1958. Great operas： The definitive treatment of their history， stories， and music. Vol.2. New York： Vintage.

2.论文后的参考文献目录编排格式

APA要求论文后的参考文献的排列顺序：与正文文种相同的参考文献排列在前，其他文种(参考文献表中的各篇文献首先按文种集中，可分为中文、英文、日文、西文、俄文、其他文种等几部分，然后按作者字母顺序和出版年排列，中文按照作者姓氏的汉语拼音字母排序，英语姓名以姓氏字母为序)排列在后，参考文献前不得加编号。

APA referencing examples Example The entry in the reference list Freire，P. (1972).Cultural action for Book with one author Freire (1972) argues that? freedom. Harmondsworth， England： Penguin. West， L.， Hore， T.， Eaton， E.， & Kermond， B. (1986). The According to West， Hore， Eaton impact of higher education on Book with two to six authors and Kermond (1986)? mature age students. Canberra： Commonwealth Tertiary Education Commission. Avery， H.， Strath， L.， Taylor， K.， James－Caven， K.， Taylor， C.， Tromly， A.， et al (1995). As suggested by Avery et al (1995)， Book with more than six authors Thinking it through： A practical “???” (pp.28－29) guide to academic essay writing (rev. 2nd ed.) Peterborough， Canada： Trent University. Networking essentials plus. (2000). As shown in Networking essentials Book with no author Redmond， Washington： Microsoft plus (2000)? Press. Pye， E. (n.d.). First infant reader. Book with no date Pye (n.d.) maintains that? Melbourne： Robertson & Mullens. Dart， B. (1997). Adult learners’ metacognitive behavior in higher In conclusion， Dart (1997) education. In P. Sutherland (Ed.)， Chapter or article in an edited book emphasizes? Adult learning： A reader (pp. 33－43). London： Kogan Page. Hore， T. (1992). Non－traditional students： Third age and part－time. In B. Clark & G. Neave (Eds.)， The Chapter or article in an encyclopedia Hore (1992) has argued? encyclopedia of higher education： Analytical perspectives (Vol. 3， pp. 1666－1674). Oxford， England： Pergamon. Bessant， B. (1996). Higher education in Australia： The unified Journal article Bessant (1996) acknowledges? national system. Education Research and Perspectives， 23(1)， 110－123. (1) Published Powell， J. (1978). Higher education in a steady state： Proceedings of the third annual conference of HERDSA. Sydney： HERDSA (2) Unpublished It has been shown (Powell， 1978) Conference paper Clarke， T. (2000). Access to that? academia： An accredited course for mature age students. Paper presented at the Language and Academic Skills Conference－La Trobe University， Bundoora， VIC. Fournier， M.， de Ridder， D.， & Bensing， J. (1999). Optimism Fournier， de Ridder and Bensing Abstract from an Electronic and adaptation to multiple sclerosis： Database What does optimism mean. Journal (1999) link this concept with? of Behavioral Medicine， 22， 303－326. Abstract retrieved October An example of an in－text reference Electronic Journal article Peter (2000) clarifies the process? Electronic report The Department of Education， Training and Youth Affairs (2000) considered that? Newspaper article Murray (2001) suggests that?. 23， 2000， from PsycINFO database. Peters， M. (2000). Does constructivist epistemology have a place in nurse education？ Journal of Nursing Education， 39(4)， 166－170. Retrieved May 10， 2001， from CINAHL database. Department of Education， Training and Youth Affairs. (2000). Higher education report for the 2000 to 2002 triennium. Retrieved October 20， 2000， from DETYA Web site： www.detya.gov.au/highered/he_report/2000_2002/ html1_1.htm. Murray， J. (2001， September 22－23). Faith built on solid pillars. The Weekend Australia， p.24. 胡觉明(2004).听力理解中的意图推理.《外语与外语教学》.第4期：22－23,31.

胡壮麟，朱永生，张德禄(1989).《系统功能语法概论》.长沙：湖南教育出版社.

乐黛云等(1998).《比较文学原理新编》.北京：北京大学出版社. 李大伦(1998).经济全球化的重要性.光明日报.1998－12－27(3).

中华人民共和国科学技术委员会(1991).科学技术期刊管理办法.1991－06－05.

7、附录

7.1下列内容包括在附录中

a. 正文中过长的公式推导与证明过程可以在附录中依次给出； b. 与本文紧密相关的非作者自己的分析，证明及工具用表格等； c. 在正文中无法列出的实验数据、程序等； d. 论文使用的缩写及程序说明等；

e. 学位申请人在攻读学位期间发表的论著、取得的科研成果(专利、获奖、鉴定等)和工程实现的社会评价及有关资料(以目录清单形式给出，其书写格式同参考文献6.7)。

7.2附录与正文连续编页码

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