Goldsmith.
24. In the last adventure, Gulliver came to a country where horses were possessed of
reason while Yahoos were brute beasts.
25. There appeared two groups of English enlighteners. One is the moderate group;
the other is the radical.
26. Joseph Andrews is Fielding’s first novel. He wrote the novel with the intention of
ridiculing Richardson’s novel Pamela.
27. Steele and Addison created newspaper: The Talter and The Spectator.
28. The Preface to Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge served as the
manifesto of Romanticism.
29. In 1843 Wordsworth was made Poet Laureate. 30. The Neo-classicism saw its decline in Johnson.
31. Enlightenment is an intellectual movement in Europe in 18th century. It was an
expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other feudal survivals. It was so called because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the society was the ―enlightenment‖ or ―education‖ of the people.
32. Neo-classicism: It was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by
Johnson. Neo-classicists modeled themselves on classical, ancient Greek and Latin authors. They wanted to achieve perfect form in literature. They general tended to look at social and political life critically. They emphasize on intellect rather than imagination. They observed fixed laws and rules in literary creation. Poets preferred heroic couplet. In drama, they adhered to three unities, time, place and action. They emphasized on the didactic function of literature.
33. Realism is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or
―reflecting‖ faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both to a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description (i. e. verisimilitude) and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life.
11
34. The significance of Pamela: It discarded the improbable and marvelous
accomplishment of the former heroic romance. It pictured the life and love of ordinary people for the first time. It does not only entertain but also give moral instruction. It describes not only the sayings and doings of the characters, but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was the first psycho-analytical novel. 35. The High Heels and Low Heels: The High Heels and Low Heels are happened in
Swift’s ―Gulliver’s Travels‖, specifically, is in the first part of Gulliver’s detain in Lilliput. Here, there are two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels. It is a kind of reflection of the real English society. Swift satirizes the meaningless distinction between Tories and the Whigs in England. Religious disputes between the Anglican and Catholic are laughed at in an account of a problem which divided the Lilliputians: ―should eggs be broken at the big end or the little end?‖ -- shows the religious quarrels is pointless and insignificant. Furthermore, Swift here also implies that the quarrel of life is meaningless.
36. Robinson Crusoe: He has marvelous capacity for work; He has boundless energy
and persistence in overcoming obstacles; He is the most practical and exact; He is religious and mindful of his own profit; He is the representation of early English bourgeoisie.
37. Characters in Joseph Andrews: The characters are grouped into two groups: 1)
represented by coachman, lady, gentleman, lawyer, surgeon, middle or upper class who are rich and well educated. But they are snobbish, selfish and coward; 2) represented by Joseph Andrews who is from lower class but sympathetic, selfless, warmhearted and kind.
38. Steele and Addison’ s contributions to English literature: Their writings afford a
new code of social morality for the risings bourgeoisie. They give a true picture of social life of England in the 18th century. In the hands of Addison and Steele, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre.
39. Mr. Spectator stands for the type of a new culture. He is profoundly learned. He
was traveled in many countries in search of knowledge. He spent his life in
12
observing his contemporaries. He was the ideal spokesman of the bourgeoisie. 40. Tom Jones: He is a handsome young man, frank, open, kind, and quick-tempered.
He is never an indifferent spectator of the misery or unhappiness of anyone. Good hearted as he is, he is far from being a model character. He lives by impulse, not by reason. Even a good man may commit mistakes and be easily led astray, but by virtue of his innate goodness, he is not corrupted and eventually overcomes his weakness.
41. A protagonist whose distinctive qualities are directly opposite to, or incompatible
with, those associated with the traditional hero. Such an opposition by no means implies that the character is evil or villainous but often tends to reflect the author’s belief that modern life no longer tolerates or produces individuals capable of genuine heroism, in its classic sense.
42. Fielding’ s contribution to the English realism: He sets up the theory of realism in
literary creation. He imitates the nature and the real life. His center of working philosophy is common earthly man. He reveals human nature through conversations.
43. Irony is an implied discrepancy between what is said and what is meant. There
are three kinds of irony:1. verbal irony is when an author says one thing and means something else.2. dramatic irony is when an audience perceives something that a character in the literature does not know.3. irony of situation is a discrepancy between the expected result and actual results.
Chapter Five
English Literature of the Romantic Age
主要内容:
1. Historical background: Industrial Revolution & French Revolution 2. Pre-romanticism
3. Robert Burns: Auld Lang Syne, ―A Red, Red Rose‖ 4. William Blake: Songs of Experience, Songs of Innocence
13
5. Romanticism 6. lake poets
7. Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads, The Prelude
8. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Kubla Khan, The Rime of Ancient Marine 9. Southey
10. George Gordon Byron: Don Juan, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 11. Percy Bysshe Shelley: Prometheus Unbound, A Defence of Poetry 12. John Keats: ―Ode to a Nightingale‖ 13. Walter Scott: Rob Roy, Ivanhoe
14. Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice, Emma, Sense and Sensibility, Mansfield Park 15. Charles Lamb: Essays of Elia 16. William Hazlitt 重点掌握:
1. In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of Pre-romanticism
were Blake and Burns.
2. ―The poet of the peasants‖ is a title given to Burns. 3. William Blake was a poet as well as an engraver.
4. William Blake’s first book of poem was Songs of Innocence. 5. Blake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic.
6. William Blake’s later poems are mysterious and hard to understand. 7. Robert Burns is famous by his poetry written in Scottish dialect.
8. Burn’s poems are largely based on imitation and revision of folk ballads of his
motherland.
9. The first gothic novel is Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole.
10. The impetus of the Romantic Movement includes the French Revolution and the
Industrial Revolution.
11. The ideals of French Revolution are liberty, democracy, and equality.
12. Neo-classicism means restraint, thus it is unfit for the requirement of French
Revolution, which aroused the age of Romantic Revival to unfetter spirit of humankind.
14
13. The poetry of Romanticism is characterized by sympathy for the French
Revolution.
14. The Romantic Age began with the publication of The Lyrical Ballads which was
written by Wordsworth and Coleridge.
15. Romanticism extended from 1798 when Lyrical Ballads was published and in
1832 when Scott died.
16. Romanticism shares the common features of imagination, intuition, natural
sentiment.
17. ―The Lake Poets‖ include Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.
18. Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity as well as the purity of his
language.
19. In the revised version of Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth held that poetry is the
―spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling‖.
20. In 1805, Wordsworth completed a long auto-biographical poem entitled Lucy
Poems.
21. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have the following in common that they all
began as radicals and ended as conservatives.
22. The first poem in The Lyrical Ballads is Coleridge’s masterpiece The Rime of
Ancient Mariner.
23. The brilliant literary criticism Biographia Literaria is written by Coleridge. 24. Wordsworth wrote ―We are Seven‖, ―When We Two Parted‖, ―I Wandered Lonely
as a Cloud‖.
25. The line ―If winter comes, can spring be far behind‖ comes from ―Ode to the
West Wind‖.
26. Byron, Shelley, Keats belong to the active Romantic poets.
27. On one hand Byron is a violent reformer and on the other hand he is a wanderer. 28. Scott’s chief contribution to English literature lies in his novels of history. 29. Scott’s literary career marked the transition from romanticism to realism. 30. Scott is both a romantic novelist and poet.
31. Lamb’s essays are characterized by sarcasm, familiarity, and gracefulness.
15
百度搜索“77cn”或“免费范文网”即可找到本站免费阅读全部范文。收藏本站方便下次阅读，免费范文网，提供经典小说综合文库英国文学学习纲要(3)在线全文阅读。
相关推荐：