2015公共英语期末考试(B、C册)(2)

完形填空（Unit 3）

Modern advertising is a form of magic, which creates a Promised Land. So, powerful is its magic power that people constantly get into the (1)ha bit of living in that future environment which ads have (2)promised. Advertising employs all the (3)techniques of symbolist art, which may not find its (4)place in the art gallery but (5)works perfectly in the market place. Advertising, with its (6)appeal to every heart, sets up national brands and totems for (7)communal participation. The advertisements give a person the (8)feeling of belonging and importance. It reinforces the (9)notion that you feel better satisfied if you use well-known brands. Today advertising is a major (10)industry absorbing most of the artistic talent of our world. The (11)connection between artists and advertising is old and profitable. The artistic works are being used to promote the (12)turn over of the industry .More intelligence (13)goes into the design and layout of the ad. Elaborate consumer (14)surveys and psychological studies are conducted to (15)establish the exact characteristics of the social groups whose money is to be magically extracted. It is true that advertisements (16)cost a large amount of money, but they represent an investment of multimillion dollars, let (17)alone the appetites they create and the impulses they stir in a vast reader mass, who are the (18)potential investors to the production plants and national sales networks. This is why the design or the layout of the advertisements is (19)geared to the reader mass. In a (20)word, advertising represents the main channel of intellectual and artistic effort in the modern world. 完形填空（Unit 4）

What is jazz? Jazz is vigorous and exciting rhythm and it is one of the freest and most demonstrative forms of (1)musical

expression. The lifeblood of jazz is creativity. But how to maintain this (2)freedom of expression in modern times is a problem which jazz confronts. It is, (3)therefore, necessary to know where jazz originated from. The origins of jazz can be credited (4)to the Negro slaves from the west coast of Africa. Viewed in historical (5)

perspective, its sounds and moods reflect the struggle and growth of a people. Abolition of slavery (6)gave jazz the force that increased the rate of its development. For twenty years after Abolition, the Negro’s main (7)source of musical expression was still his voice. Then it grew into the blues which were the (8)foundation of jazz. The blues were a rich, social and personal musical (9)language which expressed man’s natural thinking and emotions. After the Civil War, instead of using traditional (10)methods to express himself, the Negro began to use the musical brass instruments to (11)replace the vocal wailing of the blues. He blew the blues into his horn. At the beginning of the twentieth century, jazz (12)spread quickly from New Orleans to the whole country and grew into (13)maturity. Although jazz faced the problem of reduced audience during the Great Depression, its spirit was kept (15)alive everywhere.

In the forties jazz developed into modern jazz, which is different from classic jazz. Modern jazz (16)features a style of economy and simplicity, but it also emphasizes emotional (17)qualities. Now jazz has virtually spread across the whole world, some people think it (18)necessary to make jazz become a larger form of composition. However, jazz is substantially different from the (19)composed music. It is primarily an aural music. Its creative nature is dependent upon the ear. Jazz, the (20)symbol of freedom and creativity, cannot be truly written down. Jazz is a creative and spontaneous music for the people and by the people. 完形填空（Unit 6）: The scientific study of man can be traced back to ancient times, even beyond Aristotle and Hippocrates to indistinct beginnings. Since Hippocrates, the medical sciences have kept the tradition that (1)combines theory and practice. Hippocrates who taught medicine looked on the (2)adaptation of the doctor to his work, accurate observation of things and the wise construction of a theory as the (3)indispensable parts of effective work in any circumstances. He was (4)opposed to the ancient, traditional myths and superstitions (5)exist in the medical field of his day, and the pretentious systematization of knowledge that (6)lacked solid, objective foundation. However, the social sciences today suffer from the same (7)defects as those of the medical sciences to which Hippocrates was opposed, for social and political myths are everywhere (8)current and the social sciences consist of elaborate (9)speculation on an insufficient foundation of fact.

There are two kinds of human behavior.: one is thinking, talking and writing about subjects which are clearly and logically

(10)related to concrete observations and experiences; the other kind of (11)behavior is completely the opposite of the former. The medical sciences mainly (12)emphasize classificatory, descriptive and systematic knowledge. Their theories are the result of the combined efforts of a great number of investigators. In the natural sciences, (13)testing of thought by observation and experiment is continuous. Thus, theories and generalizations of all kinds are (14)constantly being corrected, modified and adapted to the salient and recurrent phenomena.

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However, the systems in the social sciences are (15)different. They lack in special methods and special skills. Neither

theories nor descriptive systems (16)develop by adaptation to the increasing knowledge and experience of the scientist, but are (17)derived from the mind of one man. Theories are generally not held in (18)common by all investigators. So disagreement and controversy exist in the social sciences. Thinking in the social sciences (19)suffers chiefly from two defects: One is the fallacy of misplaced concreteness; the other, the intrusion of sentiments into the thinking. These defects make the theories of the social sciences hardly (20)applicable to practice.

完形填空（Unit 7）： As the society becomes more and more (1)affluent, there appears a shrinking of workweek. The average hours worked per week have (2)declined drastically in the last century. This is because there is less (3)urgency for the production of goods as the individuals are (4)less urgently in need of income for their (5)purchase of goods. They may (6)choose to work fewer hours or to work less hard. On the other hand, the industry may recruit fewer workers (7)releasing the old and young of the hard toils. With the rapid change in the labor force, there has emerged a New Class, for whom, work is an important (8)source of satisfaction and is taken for (9)granted that it will be enjoyable. The pay for the job is not the principal (10)motivation but a prime index of prestige-the respect and esteem of others. The overwhelming (11)qualification for a member of the New Class is education, an (12)investment of money, time and energy. It is believed that education will enable them to gain an (13)access to the hierarchical world .Education is ,thus, (14)regarded as the central goal of the society ,But unlike the investment of (15)material capital, the investment of education is less (16)quantitatively measurable and tangible. The product can (17)neither be seen nor valued. Nevertheless, people’s efforts to join the New Class are general and obvious, so the New Class is (18)expanding rapidly. An interesting and rewarding (19) occupation is the aspiration of the society as a (20)whole. Unit 1: 科学是一门知识，是解决工业、农业、战争和医疗方面技术问题的非常有用的工具。要了解科学在解决个人和国家面临的物质和精神方面可以达到什么广度和深度，就必须了解科学的真正含义是什么。

科学一词来自拉丁语Scire,它的意思是“知道”。所以，从广义上讲，科学不过是指我们所知道的事情，是人类知识的总和。但是，把科学定义为人类的全部知识是不切实际的，因为很明显，有各种不同门类的知识。这些知识根据其获得的方法以及它所适合的经验范围而有所不同。我们要了解的艺术、文学、法律、宗教和专门技术知识等都不同程度的分属于各种独立的知识财富，与我们通常所说的科学没有什么联系。

科学也称为自然科学，以区别于其他知识门类。科学和自然界有关，也就是说和自然界中一切存在的事物和发生的现象的特点和过程有关。科学包括整个自然界，它精辟的阐述了人类关于各种自然现象是如何彼此联系并如何构成我们所说的宇宙的种种概念。

科学有许多特性，要了解科学是什么，就得仔细的考察一下这些性能和特点。有一些作者断言说科学实际上只是一种方法―科学的方法。这样的定义是过于简单化了。

但是科学方法在决定科学知识的性质方面肯定起着重要的作用。

understanding of what science really is.

The word science comes to us from a latin word, scire, which means ―to know‖. Then, in a broad sense, science is simply what we know; the total of all human knowledge. But the definition of science as all human knowledge would not be a workable one, for it is obvious that there are different types of knowledge. The kinds differ according to how the knowledge was obtained, and also according to what frame of experience it fits. What we know of the arts, literature, law, religion, and technical know how, are more or less separate funds of information. They have little to do with what we commonly call science.

Science is also called natural science to distinguish it form other branches of learning. Science is concerned with nature, that is, with knowledge of the characteristics and operations of any all natural things and happenings. Science embraces all of nature, and espresses our best ineas of how natural phenomena are related to each other and are to be formed into what is called the universe.

Science has many characteristics, and to understand what science is requires a detailed examination of these properties and peculiarities. A number of writers have asserted that science is really only a method – the scientific method. Such a definition is an over simplification, but it is certain that the scientific method plays an important role in determining the nature of scientific knowledge. 7

Science is a kind of knowledge which is a very useful tool in solving the technical problems of industry, agriculture, warfare and medicine. To understand the width and depth to which science can be applied to the material and spiritual problems that confront individuals and nations requires and

Unit 3: 许多人声称自己从来不看广告，但此类说法让人难以置信。在当今世界里，不看广告几乎做不到的。想想看，广告给我们带来多少乐趣！想象一下，假如汽车站或是火车站里没有广告会是怎样一种情形？等车时无奈地盯着空白的墙面能让你感到快乐么？一条明快的、妙语连珠的广告会使单调的墙壁和报纸发生什么样的变化？我们也不能忘记，广告对我们的腰包也有积极的贡献。报社、广播和电视台如果没有广告收入怎能生存？事实上，我们花这么少的钱就能看报纸，或是欣赏五花八门的广播和电视节目，完全是因为广告商出资的缘故。设想一下，如果全部费用由读者承担，那报纸该卖是卖价？还有一样我们不能忘记，那就是几乎一切都可以通过这些栏目完成，如：找工作、买房卖房、告知出生、结婚、逝世等，这是广告中的广告。

Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim is hardly believable. It is almost impossible not to read advertisements these days. Just think what fun they often provide! Image what a bus and railway station would be like without advertisements? Would you enjoy gazing help lessly at a blank wall while waiting for a bus or train? Would you like to read a daily paper closely-printed with columns of news? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or newspaper. We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, radio or television stations could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper or can enjoy so many programs on air is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price! Another thing we mustn’t forget is the ―small ads‖ which are in virtually every newspaper what a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about everything can be accomplished through these columns, for instance; you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death. It’s the advertisement among the advertisements. Unit 4: 对一般经常去听音乐会的人来说，在伟大的音乐家中还很少有像柴可夫斯基（Tschaikovsky）这样如此让人着迷。几乎在所有的乐曲形式中都能找到他的深受人们欢迎的作品。这也确是理所当然的事。柴可夫斯基的音乐洋溢着温暖人心的博爱和激动的戏剧效果。人们很容易领会他的主题和情绪。那种个人特有的，亲切的曲调强烈地表现在音乐中，使我们很自然地分享到柴可夫斯基的欢乐与悲伤，例如，在听他的《悲呛交响曲》（Pathetic Symphony）和《胡桃夹子组曲》（Nutcracker Ballet Suite）时就是这种情况。他的音乐好像是把我们当作他的知心人，向我

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们展示他内心的秘密。虽然柴可夫斯基情绪变化的范围很大――从变化莫测的轻松愉快的幻想到疾风暴雨似的痛苦呐喊――但是正如在生活中一样，在音乐中他也基本上是一个忧郁的人。也许正是他的音乐在传达极强烈的感情和痛苦时的那种真诚，使千百万人为他的交响乐和协奏曲所吸引。一种坦率的真诚和温暖人心的感情从他的音乐中奔涌出来。他那最动人的旋律环绕在人们的心头，使人们久久不能忘怀。只要在真诚的艺术形式中所表现的真诚感情能够打动人心，柴可夫斯基的音乐就将继续在音乐厅和歌剧院中占据很高的位置。

在那些为人们所喜爱而反复轮演的各种音乐形式的乐曲中，只有贝多芬（Beethoven）和莫扎特(Mozart)才能在数量上与柴可夫斯基相匹敌。柴可夫斯基的小提琴协奏曲(violin concerto)和贝多芬的小提琴协奏曲同样是人们要求演奏的曲目。《悲呛交响曲》是保留曲目中持久不衰的受到人们喜爱的三四部作品之一。柴可夫斯基的《胡桃夹子组曲》也许是这一类乐曲中最受人们欢迎的一部了。

For great names in music spell as much magic to the

average concert-goer as that of Tschaikovsky. In almost every musical form will be found a work of his ranking high in popularity. And quite deservedly so, Tschaikovsky’s music is filled with a warm humanity and stirring drama. The themes and feelings are easy to grasp. The personal intimate note is so strong in this music that we find it natural, while listening to the Pathetic Symphony or the Nutcracker Ballet Suite, for example, to share Tschaikovsky’s joys and sorrows, this music seems to take us into his confidence and show us the secret places of his heart. Although Tschaikovsky’s range of moods is wide-from the whimsical play of light fantasy to stormy outcries of anguish-essentially he was a melancholy man, in his music as in his life. Perhaps it is the genuineness of his music in conveying strong emotions and suffering that has drawn millions to his symhonies and concerts. A frank sincerity and warmheartedness flow from his music. The best of his melodies linger hauntingly in the mind and heart. As long as sincere feeling expressed in sincere artistic form can move the hearts of men. Tschaikovsky’s music will continue to hold a high place in the concert hall and opera house.

Only Beethoven and Mozart can rival Tschaikovsky in the number of compositions in various musical forms that stands out as repertory favorites. Tschaikovsky’s violin concerto is as much a ―request‖ item as Beethoven’s. The Pathetic Symphony ranks with the three or four enduring favorites of repertory. Tschaikovsky’s Nutcracker Ballet is probably the most popular suite of its kind in music.

Unit 6: 强调“实用性”是以社会科学从属于自然科学为其特征的。历史不是被看作传给新一代的必不可少的经验，而是带有霉味的抽象概念。艺术被视为某种需要放纵或赞助的东西，在讲究实际的现实中没有它的位置。政治学被更多地看成是为有志从政者开的一种专门科学，而不是为公民提供的一个机会，使他们与支配人类社会的各种统治制度逐渐建立起一种通达的关系。最后，分配给文学和哲学的是一种与“真正的”教育不相关的智力装饰品的角色。 对任何一个受过专业或职业教育的人来说，没有什么比有能力处理抽象或复杂的事物，能够自在地感知思想或语言上的微妙之处，能够合乎逻辑地思考问题等更为重要。只懂疾病的医生与既懂人的心理又懂病理机体的医生相比显然处于劣势。对从事技术的人来说，善于他人合作可以说与善于设计运动机件同等重要。

社会科学决不可被放弃，除非人类的过去从不存在或者没有任何值得我们今天借鉴的东西；除非思维过程与目的的实现毫无关系；除非创造力为人的智力所不及，且与人生的乐趣风马牛不相及；除非人际关系是生活中无法预测的一个方面；除非人们从来不必与恐惧和痛苦抗争，或者说除非人们从来不必预料因果关系；除非心灵与自然界的奥秘都已全部探索清楚。

Emphasis on ―practicalities‖ is being characterized by the subordination of the social to the natural sciences .History is seem not as essential experience to be transmitted to new generations, but as abstractions that carry stale odors. Art is regarded as something that calls for indulgence or patronage and that has no place among the practical realities. Political science is viewed more as a specialized subject for people who want to go into politics than as an opportunity for citizens to develop a knowledgeable relationship with the systems by which human societies are governed. Finally, literature and philosophy are assigned the role of intellectual adornments that have nothing to do with ―genuine‖ education.

Nothing is more valuable for anyone who has had a professional or vocational education than to be able to deal with abstractions or complexities, or to feel comfortable with subtleties of thought or language, or to think logically, The doctor who knows only disease is at a disadvantage compared with the doctor who knows at least as much about people as he does about pathological organisms. For the technologist, the engineering of operation can be just as important as the engineering of moving parts.

The social sciences would be expendable only if the human past never existed or had nothing to tell us about the present; if thought processes were irrelevant to the achievement of purpose; if thought processes were irrelevant to the achievement of purpose; if creativity was beyond the human mind and had nothing to do with the joy of living; if human relationships were random aspects of life; if human beings never had to cope with panic or pain. or if they never had to anticipate the connection between cause and effect; if

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all the mysteries of mind and nature were fully probed history is seen not as the essential experience to be transmitted to new generation, but as abstraction carry stale odors .Art is regard as something that calls for indulgence or purtronage, and it has no place among the practical realities. (something that has no place among the practical realities)

Unit 7:我们生活在一个物质社会里，从小就受到“物欲”的熏陶，我们的财产----“我的”和“你的”---从小就清清楚楚地标明了。但我们长大到能维持生计时，我们一点也不惊讶地发现成功是用你能赚多少钱来衡量的。然而，不只是在富裕的社会里人们才沉迷于赚钱，消费品在哪里都是人们所向往的，所以现代企业主动出击不断开辟新市场。

以前工业产品做得坚固耐用的日子已经一去不复返了。工业化的车轮滚滚向前，内在的淘汰提供了一个办法：制造产品的目的就是为了要抛弃它，人们刚刚买到今年的新款式就开始考虑怎么把它换掉。

这种实利主义的观念严重的影响教育。现在，越来越少的年轻人仅仅为了获取知识而学习，每一门功课都要有一定的向导，比如通往更高的薪金。对高科技人员的需求远远大于供给，各大公司相互竞争，在学生毕业之前就将他们征募，并且提供诱人的薪金及额外津贴。如此的招募策略导致“人才外流”，及高科技人才为出价高的人提供服务的现象。有钱的国家夺去了他们的穷邻居最能干的公民。在财富之神备受崇拜之时，富人越富；穷人越穷。

We live in a materialistic society and are nurtured from our earliest years to be acquisitive. Our possessions --- ―our‖ and ―yours‖ --- are clearly labeled from early childhood. When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does mot surprise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn. However, it is not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.

Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of the industry must be kept turning. Built --- in obsolescence provides the means: goods are made to be discarded. You no sooner acquire this year’s model than are thinking about its replacement.

This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fever and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere, for example, to a bigger wage packet, the demand for high- tech personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the highest bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor gets poorer.

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