跨文化交际复习资料

U1

Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration迁移；移民；移动, and the spread of technology.

Global village: all the different parts of the world from one community linked together by electronic communication, especially the internet.

Melting pot: a social cultural assimilation同化作用of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Cultural Diversity: refers to the mix cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? (P8-9)

The concept of culture: a learned set of shared interpretations解释 about beliefs, values and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. What are the three ingredients of culture?

Artifacts: the material and spiritual精神的，心灵的 products people produce. Behavior: what they do

Concepts; beliefs,values,world views…what they think文化冰山（Cultural iceberg）P7

Characteristics of cultural:

Culture is shared: All communications take place by means of symbols.

Cultural is learned: Culture is learned, not inherited. It drives from one?s social communication, not one?s genes.

Enculturation(文化习得):All the activities of learning one?s culture are called enculturation.

Culture is dynamic (P6): Culture is subject to change. It?s dynamic动态；动力 rather than static静态的, constantly不断地；时常地 changing and evolving进化；展开 under the impact of events and through contract with other cultures.

Acculturation(文化适应):The process which one adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.

Culture is ethnocentric(文化中心主义):Ethnocentric is the belief that your own cultural background is superior.

Communication: meaning to share with or to make commotion, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.

Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural presumptions假定推定 and symbol systems distinct enough to alter the communication event. (P9-10)

Components of communication:

Source: the source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message: the term message identifies the encoded thoughts.

Channel: the term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.

Noise: the term noise technically refers to anything that distorts曲解the message the source encodes. Receiver: the receiver is the person who attends to the message.

Decoding: the receiver is actually involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.

Receiver response: it refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.

Feedback: it refers to that portion of the receiver responds of the resource has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.

Context: Generally context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. Characters of communication:

Communication is dynamic, symbolic, irreversible可逆的, systematic, transactional, and contextual.

Unit 2-4 verbal communication

Pragmatics用学；语用论: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics语义学；语义论: the study of the meaning of words.

Denotation符号；表示；意义；指示: the literal of meaning or definition of a word—the

explicit明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述,particular特别的；详细的；独有的；挑剔的,defined meaning.

Connotation暗示，隐含意义: the suggestive meaning of a word —all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion增加物 of the unspoken significance意义；重要性；意思 behind the literal meaning.

Taboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.

Euphemism委婉语: the act of substituting取代 a mild温和的, indirect间接的, or vague模糊的 term for one considered harsh严厉的, blunt生硬的, or offensive.

How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? (P22-23) Addressing by names Name order:

Surname + given name/He Xiangu Given name + surname (AE)/Linda Smith Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time.(P23)

In Chinese seniority(资历) is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited by husband and wife, very closely friends, juniors by elders or superiors. Addressing by relationship

Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to shoe politeness and respect. (P23)

The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, American tends to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship. Addressing by title, office, profession

Another common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office or profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24 Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.

Unit 5 nonverbal communication

Chronemics: The study of how people perceive and use time.

Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Polychromic time: being involved in many things at once. Proxemics: the perception and use to space. Kinetics: the study of body language.

Paralanguage: involving sounds but not words and lying verbal and nonverbal communication.

Monochromic & Polychromic (P97)

Monochromic time means paying attention to doing only one thing at a time.

Monochromic time is structured and often rigid. Everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruption.

Polychromic time means being involved in many things at once.

People and cultures that run on polychromic time multitask well. These people focus on maintaining personal relationships more than completing tasks.

Unit 6 cross-gender communication

How is gender different from sex? (P120) Gender and sex are not synonymous Sex: Biological; permanent; individual property

Gender: socially constructed; varied over time and across cultures; social and relational quality. What has influenced the gender socialization? (P121)

There are two primary influences on gender socialization: Family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction between children.

U 7 (P138) High-context culture Low-context culture Unit 9 P186

A planetary culture: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with eastern science and relationlism. Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective and behavioral characteristics is not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological and parameters of his or her own culture. (P186) What are the Chinese/American cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?

As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it?s good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relationship of man to nature, they think mankind can live harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being and becoming attitude and activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefit of the group.

Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases.

Individualism vs. Collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity vs. Femininity 每单元练习ABCD

(Unit 5 E.Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English. )

复习例题

1.American parents would ask their children?s opinion in family decision-making because__C__. A.American parents like being told by their children what to do. B.American children have much power in the family. C.American parents take their children as an equal.

D.American parents are unable to make decisions themselves.

2. What is the best expression of the following you can use when you meet an American friend at the airport? B (P26)

A.You must tired. B.Did you have a good trip. B.It is raining, isn?t it? C.Thank you for coming.

3. What is a proper response of the following to “Thank you .”? D P57 A.It is my duty to do so. B.It doesn?t matter at all. C.I quite understand it. D.Don?t mention it.

4. Which of the following is not one of the characteristic of culture? C P5-11 A. It is shared. B. It is learned. C. It is static. D. It is ethnocentric.

5. When a British friend is sick, you?d better say “___” to your friend to show your concern. B A.Drink plenty of water. B I do hope you?ll be feeling better soon.

C Put on more clothes. D Take medicine on time.

6. What is the Chinese equivalent of “landscaper engineer”? D P13

A.导游 B.伐木工人 C.工程师 D.园林工人 7. What does “call your carriage for you” mean? C

A. Ask you for a favor B. Ask you to buy a carriage C. Ask you to go away D. Ask you to join a party

8. Which of the following does not have the same function that “副” fulfills in Chinese? D P73 A. Associate B. Deputy C. Lieutenant D. Underline 9. Which of the following is not included in kinesics? C P95

A.Posture B. Stance C. Body distance D. gesture 10. Individualism has the following features except______. A

A. strong family ties B. Self-reliance C. Freedom D. Respect for individual rights 11. M-time culture has the following features except______. D P97 A. Cutting time into bits B. Taking deadlines seriously C. Scheduling one thing at a time D. More human-centered 12. ____ __culture are typical P-time cultures. A P97

A. Latin American B. Northern American C. Western European D. Northern European 13. In American culture, silence may be interpreted as______.D P110

A. Assertiveness B. Thoughtfulness C. Enthusiasm D. Apathy 14. Which of the following is not a feature of masculine talk?B P123 A. Using talk to assert oneself and one?s ideas

B. Being tentative so that others feel free to add their ideas C. Using talk to establish one?s status and power D. Avoiding personal disclosures

15. Which is the following is of the invisible part of cultural iceberg? A P7 A. religious beliefs B. gestures C. eating habits D. Style of dress

16. According to the cultural orientations put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, which of the following does not describe the Chinese cultural values? B

A.Chinese culture holds that human nature is good but corruptible. B.They have a Linear time concept and are future-oriented. C.They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity.

D.They are quite collective and focus on the benefits of the group.

17. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greetings except______. C P25 A.How are you getting on? B.How are things? C.Where have you been? D.How?s life? 18. What is a proper topic when you are talking with an American? D P26(不确定) A.the price of an item B. Religion C. Marital status D. Hobbies

19. Which is the following is of the visible part of the cultural iceberg? B P7 A. Religious beliefs B. Literature C. Values D. Worldviews 20. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of communication? C

A. It is symbolic B. It is contextual C. It is static D. It is systematic 21. Which of the following is not one of the social functions of compliments? C P50 A. greeting people B. starting a conversation C. criticizing people i D. overcoming embarrassment 22. Which of the following is not a feature of sex? B P120

A. It is biological B.It is dynamic C.It is permanent D.It has an individual property 23. What is the Chinese equivalent of sanitation engineer? D P13 A. 导游 B.伐木工人 C.工程师 D.清洁工 24. What does the “a lady of the town mean”? C P67(不确定)

A. A fashionable girl B. A graceful lady C. A prostitude D. An urban girl 25. What is the acceptable addressing of “Tom Smith ” in American cuture? D P24

A. Teacher Smith B. Mr.Tom C. Director Tom D.Professor Tom 26. The word “dragon” is a word? A P70-71 ( 不确定 )

A. with different associated meanings in Chinese B. without a counterpart in Chinese C. with the same primary meaning in Chinese D. with many more terms in Chinese

27. When making an appointment with an American friend, which of the following expressions is the most appropriate one? D P29

A. I?m coming to see you this afternoon B. you must stay at home waiting for me this afternoon C. could you come directly to my house this afternoon

D. I was wondering whether I could come round to visit you sometime 28. What is the Chinese equivalent of “reckless disregard for the truth”? D A. 躁动不安 B.为非作歹 C.实事求是 D.信口雌黄

29. Which of the following is not one of the features of gender? C P119-120

A. It?s socially-constricted B. It?s dynamic C. It?s permanent D. It has a relational quality 30. Which culture tends to envelop each other in breath when talking? A P101 A. Arabian culture B. American culture C. British culture D. Chinese culture 31. Which of the following is not included in chronemics? C P95 A. punctuality B. time orientation C. silence D. promptness 32. Collectivism emphasizes the following values except B A. strong family ties B. self-reliance C. harmony D. group-orientation

33. in Japanese culture, silence may be interpreted as evidence of C P110 A. passivity B. apathy C. wisdom D. hesitation

34. According to the cultural orientations put Forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, American culture values have the following features except? C

A. American culture holds that human nature evil but perfectible B. They have a linear time concept and are future-oriented

C. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activiity D. They are quite individualistic

35. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greeting except They have a linear time concept and are future-oriented C

A. How are you getting on? B. How are things? C. Where are you going? D. How?s life? Cultural Puzzles （3道）

1. Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching and quite a few of them avoided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang, for help. One day, she came to the Director and told him that she would like to talk to him about her problem. The director looked at his timetable and asked if they could meet at ten o?clock on Thursday morning and she agreed. P87

This is a typical cultural clash between the Chinese and Westerners, which was caused by their difference regarding_____C .

A.Clollectivism vs. Individualism B. Past-orientation vs. Future-orientation C.P-time vs. M-time Ｄ．High-context vs. Low-context

2. When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and his quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh. The Chinese onlooker?s laugh may convey the following meaning except____C . A. Don?t take it so seriously. B. It?s nothing.

C. You are really clumsy. D. Such things can happen to any of us.

3. A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather. Sight-seeing is thirsty business, we did not trust the water, and delighted in the excellent beer which we politely offered Heping. Heping refused, we said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched.

Q: Why did Heping rufuse the beer on the first offer? A： Because he was being modest and polite. Case Introduction（2道）

1. Eric’s different situations in opening the shop in China:

He had relatively little difficulty in locating his first shop after several weeks of paperwork, and he was open for business sonner than he had thought possible. The local bureaucrats with whom he dealt had seemed favorably impressed.

As Eric began applying for the necessary permits with the local government agencies he was met with responses such as “we ?ve never encountered this request”, or” this Procedure requires additional information”.

2. Eric’s different attitude:

Eric was optimistic about the prospect of his business. His business was quite successful in first few months. People were eager to buy his “unique” product.

After several rounds of trying to understand the official rules, Eric beacame increasingly frustrated. After all he had been able to acquire the permits to open shop. Moreover, his attempts to secure additional supply channels were as yet unfruitful. It seemed that all suppliers were “already at full capacity”, or “unsure of future resources”. Case Analysis

1. “Doing” orientation: seek to change and control what is happening

Eg: He had heard much about the red tape involved in doing business in China but felt he could handle it. 2. Collectivisim:

A. great readiness to cooperation with in-group members

Eg: Chinese are unsure of future resources, and local businessman was announcing the opening of several shops around town.

B. collectivists tend to give a higher priority to relationships

Eg: The owners of local businessman had worked through the same government agencies.

4. Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increase productivity

while collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to chieve efficiency Eg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.

5. Decision making in a collective culture may be a slower process than in an individualist culture, but

the implementation of the dicision may it be a change in policy. Eg: This procedure requires additional information. Q&A：

1. How is Eric?s home culture influence his behavior and his business strategy?

A. “Doing” orientation—seek to change and control what is happening

Eg: He was optimistic./ He heard much about the red tape, but he still felt he could handle it. B. Individualism—coopertate with people who are not members of one?s group plus group members Eg: He had indicated his desire to use local workers and even train local managers.

C. Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increase productivity while collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to achieve efficiency

Eg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.

2. What should Eric do to meet his business goals?

●He should have an in-depth knowledge of China?s red tape and adapt it gradually.

●He should increase the chance of cooperation with Chinese businessmen to coexist peacefully. ●When in Rome, do as the Romans do. He can use some Chinese etiquette to expand his Guan network in Chinese society.

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