9月21日雅思阅读原题详解：abriefhistoryofchocolate(2)

date back as far as 1400 B.C. It appears that the sweet pulp of the cacao fruit, which surrounds the beans, was fermented into an alcoholic beverage of the time. DIt’s hard to pin down exactly when chocolate was born, but it’s clear that it was cherished from the start. For several centuries in pre-modern Latin America, cacao beans were considered valuable enough to use as currency. One bean could be traded for a tamale, while 100 beans could purchase a good turkey hen, according to a 16th-century Aztec document.Word & Expression1. estimate1) ① vi. 估计，估价 ② n. 估计，估价；判断，看法 ③ vt. 估计，估量；判断，评价Some estimates put the figure at as high as 50%. 有些估计这一数字高达50%。2) 同义替换：approximation, guess, quote, price, valuation; assess, reckon, value, appraise3) 搭配：at an estimate据某种估计 2. be around存在，生存I'm glad we're not going to be around when that happens.我很庆幸这种情况发生时我们已经不在了。 3. make (out) a case (for) 证明……有理由，提出有利于……的理由The researchers did not make out a case for the phenomenon.研究人员们没有找到充分的理由解释那种现象发生的原因。 4.

consumption1) n. 消费, 消耗; 消费[耗]量；肺病; 结核

病Doctors say that children need to increase their consumption of fruit and vegetables.医生们说儿童需要多吃水果和蔬菜。2) 同义替换：feeding, eating, drinking, intake, ingestion, use, expenditure, utilization, spending 5. stretch back追溯Warnings that curiosity can be

destructive stretch back to the very beginning of civilization.对于好奇心具有破坏作用的警告可以追溯到教化之初。 6. anthropologist (认识即可)1) n. 人类学者,人类学家2) -ist后缀，表示“…家”scientist 科学家artist艺术家pianist 钢琴家 7. announce1) ① vt. 宣布；述说；预示；播报 ② vi. 宣布参加竞选；当播音员The company proudly announced the launch of its new range of cars. 该公司骄傲地宣布其新一系列的轿车已投放市场。(launch n.产品的上市)2) 同义替换：proclaim, make known, publicize, broadcast, declare, say, pronounce, state3) 搭配: announce to通知某人；向…宣布 8. residue1) n. 残渣；剩余；滤渣She had the gunshot residue on her hands.她手上还有枪药的残留物。2) 同义替换：remains, rest, scum, filtrate 9. excavate1) vt. 挖掘, 开凿; 挖出, 发掘Archaeologists excavated fossilized dinosaur tracks from the riverbed.考古学家从河床中挖掘出恐龙的足迹化石。2) 同义替换：dig, mine, exhume, unearth, hollow out 10.

date back追溯到；回溯至They found that the snails dated back almost 46,000 years.他们发现这些蜗牛可追溯到约46000年前。 11. pulpn. (水果的)果肉After the abstraction of the juice from the orange, only a tasteless pulp is left.柳橙里的汁去掉後，只剩下不可口的肉了。(abstraction n.提取，抽取) 12. ferment1) ① n. 酵素；发酵；动乱 ② vi. 发酵；动乱 ③ vt. 使发酵；使动乱；酝酿The country was in ferment. 这个国家那时正处在动乱中。2) 同义替换：agitation, commotion, confusion, excitement, turbulence, turmoil, upheaval, uproar; agitate, incite, provoke 13. pin down确定，证实As with any evolving art form, trying to pin down the rules is impossible.如同任何不断发展的艺术形式，舞蹈没有一成不变的规则。 14. cherish1) vt. 珍爱, 珍视, 爱护;怀有, 抱有We should learn how to cherish time and use it efficiently.我们该学习如何珍惜时间且有效率的利用它。2) 同义替换：treasure, value, appreciate3) 搭配：cherish the memory of怀念(某人) 15. currency1) n. 货币；通货They make money by speculating on the currency markets. 他们通过在货币市场投机赚钱。(make money赚钱 speculate v.投机)2) 同义替换：money, coinage, exchange, cash, bills, paper money, prevalence, frequency 16. purchase1)

① n. 购买；紧握；起重装置 ② vt. 购买；赢得 ③ vi. 购买东西They purchased the house from an elderly couple.他们从一对老夫妇手中买了那套房子。2) 同义替换：buy, merchandise, grip, grasp, hold; pay for, acquire, obtain, win, gain 参考译文：C. 据许多现代历史学家估算，巧克力已有大约两千年的历史，但最新研究表明，它的历史可能还要更久。在《巧克力的真实历史》一书中，作者索菲和迈克尔·科以充分的证据证实，关于食用巧克力的最早文字记录可追溯至三千甚至四千年前，那是哥伦布发现新大陆之前的中美洲文明——如奥尔梅克文明——所在的年代。去年11月，宾夕法尼亚大学的人类学家宣布在从洪都拉斯出土的瓷器上发现了可可豆残渣的遗迹，其年代之久远可追溯至公元前1400年。看来，当时人们好像把包裹可可豆的甜美果肉发酵酿制成了一种含酒精的饮料。D．我们很难确定巧克力诞生的确切年代，但有一点是很明确的，那就是自诞生之初，巧克力就一直备受珍爱。在前现代的拉丁美洲，人们在几个世纪里一直把可可豆视若珍宝，甚至把它当做货币使用。根据一份16世纪的阿兹特克文件记载，用一颗可可豆可以换来一个墨西哥玉米粉蒸肉卷，而用一百颗可可豆可以买到一只上好的母火鸡。EBoth the Mayans and Aztecs believed the cacao bean had magical, or even divine, properties, suitable for use in the most sacred rituals of birth, marriage

and death. According to the book The Chocolate Connoisseur, Aztec sacrifice victims who felt too

melancholy to join in ritual dancing before their death were often given a gourd of chocolate (tinged with the blood of previous victims) to cheer them up. FSweetened chocolate didn’t appear until Europeans discovered the Americas and sampled the native cuisine. Legend has it that the Aztec king Montezuma welcomed the Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes with a banquet that included drinking chocolate, having tragically mistaken him for a reincarnated deity instead of a conquering invader. Chocolate didn’t suit the foreigners’ taste buds at first—one described it in his writings as “a bitter drink for pigs”—but once mixed with honey or cane sugar, it quickly became popular throughout Spain.Word & Expression1. property1) n. 财产；性质，性能；所有权The property is set in a convenient location.这片房地产开发在一处交通便利的地方。2) 同义替换：belongings, goods, material goods, estate suitable 2. ritual1) ① n. 仪式；惯例；礼制 ② adj. 仪式的；礼节性的；例行的we still practice some of these rituals today.我们至今仍然遵循这些礼节。2) 同义替换：rite, ceremony, formality, custom,

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