Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
(A)
The modern Olympic Games, founded in 1896, began as contests between individuals, rather than among nations, with the hope of promoting world peace through sportsmanship. In the beginning, the games were open only to (1)_______. An amateur is a person whose involvement in an activity - from sports to science or the arts - is purely for (2)________. Amateurs, whatever their contributions to a field, expect to receive no form of compensation; professionals, (3)________, perform their work in order to earn a living.
From the perspective of many athletes, (4)________, the Olympic playing field has been far from fair. Restricting the Olympics to amateurs has excluded the participation of many who could not afford to be (5)_______. Countries have always desired to send their best athletes, not their (6)________ ones, to the Olympic Games.
A slender and imprecise line separates what we call “financial support” from “earning money.” Do athletes “earn money” if they are reimbursed for travel expenses? What if they are paid for time lost at work or if they accept free clothing from a manufacturer or if they teach sports for a living? The runner Eric Liddell was the son of poor missionaries; in 1924 the British Olympic Committee (7)________ his trip to the Olympics, where he won a gold and a bronze medal. College scholarships and support from the United States Olympic Committee made it possible for American track stars Jesse Owens and Wilma Rudolph and speed skater Dan Jansen to train and compete. When the Soviet Union and its allies joined the games in 1952, the
(8)________ of amateur became still less clear. Their athletes did not have to (9)________ work and training because as citizens in communist regimes, their government financial support was not considered payment for jobs.
In 1971 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) (10)________ the word amateur from the rules, making it easier for athletes to find the(11) ________ necessary to train and compete. In 1986, the IOC allowed professional athletes into the games.
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There are those who (12)________ the disappearance of amateurism from the Olympic Games. For them the games (13)________ something special when they became just another way for athletes to earn money. Others say that the designation(命名) of amateurism was always (14)________; they argue that all competitors receive so much financial support as to make them paid professionals. Most agree, however, that the (15)________ over what constitutes(组成) an amateur will continue for a long time.
1. A. amateurs B. professionals C. men 2. A. survival B. fame
C. profit
3. A. at all costs B. by contrast C. as a result 4. A. however B. therefore C. furthermore 5. A. punished B. trained C. unpaid
6. A. youngest B. smartest
C. strongest 7. A. booked B. extended C. financed 8. A. value
B. definition C. origin 9. A. balance B. begin C. change 10. A. restored B. created C. removed
11. A. field
B. support
C. organization 12. A. regret B. investigate C. explain 13. A. displayed
B. carried
C. retain
14. A. reasonable B. questionable C. unbelievable 15. A. debate
B. complaint
C. concern
【答案】1-5:ADBAC 6-10:DCBAC 11-15: BADBA 【分析】
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D. women D. pleasure D. at first D. instead D. educated D. wealthiest D. cancelled D. use D. restrict D. studied D. team D. welcome D. lost D. valuable D. inquiry
1. A 后句An amateur is a person…，所以本句的答案对应的是：“amateurs”。
2. D 后句的意思是“业余人士并不期待收到补偿，而专业人士为了谋生而锻炼”,所以本句答案应该是“快乐”，解释为：“业余人士参与运动仅仅是为了娱乐。” 3. B 业余人士和专业人士的对比 4. A 与前文进行转折
5. C 根据前文业余爱好者不需要资金的补助，那么把奥林匹克限制为业余爱爱好者参与的赛事就排除了那些不能承担不支付薪水服务的人
6. D根据上下文，本句的意思是“各国渴望把最好的运动员送到赛场，而不是最富有的（业余爱好者）送到赛场”
7. C 本句是以Eric Liddell为例，他的身份是贫穷的传教士的儿子，所以为了参加奥林匹克，英国奥林匹克委员会资助了他。
8. B 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“当苏联和他的盟国在1952年参与奥林匹克，业余爱好者的定义变得愈加模糊。”
9. A 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“运动员们不必平衡工作和训练，因为作为共产主义政权的公民，他们的政府财政支持不被视为工作报酬。” 0. C remove sb from…
1. B 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“1971年国际奥林匹克委员会把业余爱好者这个单词从规则中排除，这对于运动员来说很容易找到对于训练和竞争来说很必要的援助。”
2. A 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“有很多对于业余爱好者从奥林匹克赛事中的消失而后悔的人。”
3. D 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“对于那些后悔的人来说，当参加奥林匹克运动会成为运动员赚钱的另外一种方式的时候，他们觉得比赛失去了特殊的意义。”
4. B 根据后文“他们认为所有的竞争者都是收到很多经济援助才能成为赚钱的专业人士”，他们认为业余爱好者的命名总是存在疑问的 5. A the debate over sth.对某物的争论
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(B)
In 1965, 17-year-old high school student Randy Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours to see how he’d cope without sleep. On the second day, his eyes stopped focusing. Next, he lost the ability to (1)________ objects by touch. By day three, Gardner was moody and uncoordinated. At the end of the experiment, he was (2)________ to concentrate, had trouble with short-term memory and started hallucinating(出现幻觉). Although Gardner recovered without long-term psychological or physical (3)________, for others, sleeplessness can result in hormone(激素) imbalance, illness, and even death.
Sleep is (4)________. Adults need 7 to 8 hours of sleep at night, and adolescents need about 10. In the United States, it's estimated that 30% of adults and 66% of adolescents are (5)________ sleep deprived. When we lose sleep, learning, memory, mood, and reaction time are affected. Sleeplessness may also cause inflammation, hallucinations, high blood pressure, and it's even been (6)________ to diabetes and obesity.
How can sleep (7)________ cause such enormous suffering? Scientists think the answer lies with the (8)________ of waste products in the brain. During our waking hours, our cells are busy using up our day's energy sources with get broken down into various by-products, including adenosine(腺苷酸). As adenosine builds up, it increases the (9)________ to sleep, also known as sleep pressure. In fact, caffeine works by (10)________ adenosine's receptor pathways. Other waste products also build up in the brain, and if they're not cleared away, they collectively (11)________ the brain and are thought to lead to the many negative symptoms of sleep deprivation.
So, what's happening in our brain when we sleep, to prevent this? Scientists found something called the Lymphatic System, a clean-up mechanism(机能) that removes this build up and is much more (12)________ when we're asleep. It works by using cerebrospinal fluid(脑脊髓液) to flush away toxic by-products that accumulate between cells. Lymphatic vessels, which (13)________ pathways for immune cells have recently been discovered in the brain, and they may also play a role in (14)________ the brain's daily waste products. While scientists continue exploring the
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restorative mechanisms behind sleep, we can be sure that sleeping is a(n) (15)________ if we want to maintain our health and our sanity.
1. A. produce 2. A. balancing 3. A. ability
B. identify
C. move
D. discover D. intended D. damage D. neglected D. hopefully D. developed D. pressure D. prevention D. urge D. assisting D. explore D. necessary D. point to D. dividing D. necessity
B. reminded B. outcome B. healthy
C. struggling C. response
4. A. essential 5. A. scarcely 6. A. occurred 7. A. deprivation
C. investigated C. regularly C. increased C. absence C. resource
B. temporarily B. linked
B. sufficiency B. discovery B. power B. blocking B. pollute B. active B. block up
8. A. accumulation 9. A. symptom 10. A. clearing 11. A. overload 12. A. harmful 13. A. serve as 14. A. analyzing 15. A. system
C. difficulty C. holding C. protect C. tense
C. tear down C. following C. opportunity
B. removing B. priority
【答案】1-5.BCDAC 6-10.BAADA 11-15. ABABD 【分析】
1. B. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“接下来，他失去了通过触摸来识别物体的能力。”
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